Bio Exam 3

Front 1

the female part of the plant

Back 1

pistil

Front 2

mal part of the plant which contains pollen, which contains sperm

Back 2

anther

Front 3

where on the plant can you find pollen

Back 3

anther

Front 4

this kind of flower has a large ______

Back 4

anther

Front 5

used pea plants in his experiments

Back 5

mendel

Front 6

mendel picked to use _____ plants because they are easy and you can control their reproduction; short life cycle; male and female parts

Back 6

pea

Front 7

mendel controlled pea plant experiments by ______

Back 7

removing the pollen on the male part and putting it on the female part

Front 8

how many alleles control one trait

Back 8

2

Front 9

list mendel's 7 traits that were in 2 forms

Back 9

seed color

seed shape

pod color

pod shape

flower color

flower position

stem length

Front 10

the alternate form of a gene; genes can occur in different forms

Back 10

alleles

Front 11

portions of a DNA molecule

Back 11

genes

Front 12

Mendel Vocab:

children; next generation of plant or human

Back 12

progeny

Front 13

Mendel Vocab:

progeny that result from a cross between two parental organisms

Back 13

F1 generation (first filial generation)

Front 14

Mendel Vocab:

a cross between 2 members of the F1 generation results in the _____ (F1xF1 ---> ____)

Back 14

F2 generation (second filial generation)

Front 15

Mendel Vocab:

characteristics that appear and can be seen in the F1

Back 15

dominant traits

Front 16

Mendel Vocab:

characteristics that "disappear" and cannot be seen in the F1

Back 16

recessive

Front 17

Mendel Vocab:

genes present in an organism; i.e. BB, Bb, bb

Back 17

genotype

Front 18

Mendel Vocab:

"appearance" of an organism; i.e. color, size, shape

Back 18

phenotype

Front 19

true or false:

two parents with brown eyes can have one with blue eyes b/c they have been carrying the recessive gene for generations

Back 19

true

Front 20

Mendels Conclusions:

parents transmit info about inheritable traits via "factors" or _____

Back 20

genes

Front 21

Mendels Conclusions:

______ organisms have two alleles/genes/trait each being carried on one member of a _____ _____ of chromosomes

Back 21

diploid; homologous pair

Front 22

Mendels Conclusions:

alternate forms of genes are called _______

Back 22

alleles

Front 23

almost all normal traits are ______ (like one nose, 2 eyes, 2 ears)

Back 23

recessive

Front 24

Mendels Conclusions:

homologous chromosomes carry the same gene (allele) which is ________ recessive or dominant (i.e. AA, aa)

Back 24

homozygous

Front 25

Mendels Conclusions:

homologous chromosomes each carry a different gene (allele) i.e. Aa

Back 25

heterozygous

Front 26

Mendels Conclusions:

_______ are particulate entities and they don't mix

Back 26

alleles

Front 27

Mendels Conclusions:

a diploid individual receives ____ allele from 1 parent and ____ allele from the other

Back 27

1

Front 28

Mendels Conclusions:

When ______ are formed during meiosis each allele has an equal chance of ending up in any of the 4 haploid nuclei

Back 28

gametes

Front 29

Mendel Vocab:

characteristics that "disappear" and cannot be seen in the F1

Back 29

recessive

Front 30

Mendel Vocab:

genes present in an organism; i.e. BB, Bb, bb

Back 30

genotype

Front 31

Mendel Vocab:

"appearance" of an organism; i.e. color, size, shape

Back 31

phenotype

Front 32

true or false:

two parents with brown eyes can have one with blue eyes b/c they have been carrying the recessive gene for generations

Back 32

true

Front 33

Mendels Conclusions:

parents transmit info about inheritable traits via "factors" or _____

Back 33

genes

Front 34

Mendels Conclusions:

______ organisms have two alleles/genes/trait each being carried on one member of a _____ _____ of chromosomes

Back 34

diploid; homologous pair

Front 35

Mendels Conclusions:

alternate forms of genes are called _______

Back 35

alleles

Front 36

almost all normal traits are ______ (like one nose, 2 eyes, 2 ears)

Back 36

recessive

Front 37

Mendels Conclusions:

homologous chromosomes carry the same gene (allele) which is ________ recessive or dominant (i.e. AA, aa)

Back 37

homozygous

Front 38

Mendels Conclusions:

homologous chromosomes each carry a different gene (allele) i.e. Aa

Back 38

heterozygous

Front 39

Mendels Conclusions:

_______ are particulate entities and they don't mix

Back 39

alleles

Front 40

Mendels Conclusions:

a diploid individual receives ____ allele from 1 parent and ____ allele from the other

Back 40

1

Front 41

Mendels Conclusions:

When ______ are formed during meiosis each allele has an equal chance of ending up in any of the 4 haploid nuclei

Back 41

gametes

Front 42

Mendelian Rules:

when present ______ alleles are ALWAYS EXPRESSED

Back 42

dominant

Front 43

a cross between 2 individuals involving a single phenotypic trait controlled by a single gene i.e. AA X aa

Back 43

monohybrid cross

Front 44

in a ____ _____ each parent can only produce 1 type of gamete so all of the offspring are heterozygous (Aa)

Back 44

monohybrid cross

Front 45

____ alleles control a particular trait; can be dominant or recessive

Back 45

2

Front 46

If B is brown and b is blonde then:

BB represents

Back 46

homozygous dominant; 2 dominant

Front 47

If B is brown and b is blonde then:

Bb represents

Back 47

heterozygous dominant; 1 dominant + 1 recessive

Front 48

If B is brown and b is blonde then:

bb represents

Back 48

homozygous recessive; 2 recessive

Front 49

in a monohybrid cross the result can only be ______

Back 49

heterozygous 1D + 1 R

Front 50

what is the ratio of 2 heterozygous plants (Aa)

Back 50

3:1; 3D+1R

Front 51

in a monohybrid cross the resulting f1 generation is _____

Back 51

heterozygous (1D + 1R; Aa)

Front 52

which type of a monohybrid cross will the f1 phenotypes be heterozygous

Back 52

AA x aa

Front 53

ALWAYS TRUE in a monohybrid cross: Aa x Aa the result is always a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 and gentypic ratio of _____

Back 53

1:2:1

1 homozygous dominant, 2 heterozygous, 1 homozygous recessive

Front 54

a ____ ____ allows one to determine if an individual with a dominate trait is hetero- or homozygous

Back 54

test cross

Front 55

A? X aa

100% or 50%

Back 55

test cross

Front 56

a cross involving 2 traits (phenotypic characteristics) controlled by 2 unlinked (on separate nonhomologous chromosomes) genes

Back 56

dihybrid cross

Front 57

with this cross you can predict the probabaility to two traits being inherited together

Back 57

dihybrid cross

Front 58

in a dihybrid cross the ratio adding up the F2 combos possible is _____

Back 58

9:3:3:1

Front 59

a dihybrid cross always results in a ______ ratio

Back 59

9:3:3:1

Front 60

(AaBb x Aa Bb)

Back 60

dihybrid cross

Front 61

what does the ratio represent in a dihybrid cross

Back 61

9 are A_B_ which show both dominant traits

3 are A_bb which show on dominant and one recessive trait

3 are aaB_ which show one dominant and one recessive trait

1 is aabb showing both recessive traits

Front 62

dihybrid cross: 16 block punnett squares are complicated, time consuming, and prone to error so the ______ ______ was applied

Back 62

statistical law

Front 63

dihybrid cross: probability of independent events occurring together is equal to the product of their individual probabilities

Back 63

statistical law

Front 64

dihybrid cross:

chance of guessing the PA daily number is ______ thus tri, tetra, pentahybrid crosses are easy to analyze

Back 64

1/10 x 1/10x 1/10 = 1/1000

Front 65

allelic relationships are _________

Back 65

dominant/recessive

Front 66

allelic relationships:

neither allele is dominant and both are expressed

Back 66

incomplete dominance

Front 67

R1R1 (red) x R2R2 (white) = _____

Back 67

All R1R2 (pink)

Front 68

Gene Relationships:

one gene with alleles controls the expression of a second gene with its own alleles; purple flower color in peas controlled by 2 separate genes, C and P; in the absence of either dominant allele the flowers are white

Back 68

complimentary genes

Front 69

true or false: each gene controls different aspects of the pigment producing process

Back 69

true

Front 70

gene relationships:

one gene can mask the phenotypic expression of another gene; not dominanace which it resembles

Back 70

epitasis

Front 71

Gene Relationships:

Alter/"tweek" the expression of other genes; i.e. human eye color

Back 71

modifier genes

Front 72

_____ ____ _____ is clearly inherited but it is NOT controlled a single gene with two alleles; if true there would be ____ phenotypes: blue or brown

Back 72

human eye color; 2

Front 73

_____ eyed people lack melanin in the front layer of their iris; this color is the black layer at the back of the iris viewed through the front layer

Back 73

blue

Front 74

_____ eyed people have branching melanin containing pigment cells in the front layer

Back 74

brown

Front 75

true or false:

genes may have more than 2 alleles; any one 2N individual has only 2 but there may be more in the "pool"

Back 75

true

Front 76

name the four phenotypes of blood

Back 76

A, B, AB, o

Front 77

human blood type is based on a genetically controlled ______ ______ ______

Back 77

rbc surface antigen

Front 78

Human A/B/O Blood Type:

type A: rbc's bear antigen ___

Back 78

A

Front 79

Human A/B/O Blood Type:

type B: rbc's bear antigen ____

Back 79

B

Front 80

Human A/B/O Blood Type:

type AB: rbc's bear antigens _______

Back 80

A and B

Front 81

Human A/B/O Blood Type:

type O: rbc's bear antigen neither _____

Back 81

A nor B

Front 82

Name the blood type; 3 alleles Ia, Ib, i when Ia and Ib are both dominanat with respect to the recessive i but incompletely dominant toward each other...


IaIa or Iai ---> what blood type?

Back 82

A

Front 83

Name the blood type; 3 alleles Ia, Ib, i when Ia and Ib are both dominanat with respect to the recessive i but incompletely dominant toward each other...

IaIb ----> what blood type?

Back 83

AB

Front 84

Name the blood type; 3 alleles Ia, Ib, i when Ia and Ib are both dominanat with respect to the recessive i but incompletely dominant toward each other...


IbIb or Ibi -----> what blood type?

Back 84

B

Front 85

Name the blood type; 3 alleles Ia, Ib, i when Ia and Ib are both dominanat with respect to the recessive i but incompletely dominant toward each other...


ii ----> what blood type?

Back 85

O

Front 86

true or false:

Mendel's conclusions apply to inheritance patterns in SOME sexually reproducing, diploid organisms (including humans)

Back 86

false; ALL not SOME

Front 87

human genetic info is packaged in ____ pair of autosomes and ___ pair of sex chromosomes (x and y)

Back 87

22; 1

Front 88

_____ are XX and ____ are XY

Back 88

female; male

Front 89

_____ determine the sex of babies

Back 89

males

Front 90

a metabolic disorder resulting from an inability to metabolize lactose (milk sugar)

Back 90

galactosemia

Front 91

1/100,000 newborns are born with this metabolic disorder presenting symptoms of malnutrition, diarrhea, and severe vomiting; damage to eyes, liver, and brain may result

Back 91

galactosemia

Front 92

in galactosemia a _______ ______ gene codes for a non-functional enzyme (reaction 3)

Back 92

single mutant

Front 93

lactose ---> glucose + galactose ---> gal-1-PO4 ----> glu-1-PO4 ---->_____

Back 93

glysosisis

Front 94

in galactosemia _______ break down products that are toxic

Back 94

Gal-1-PO4

Front 95

galactosemia is caused by a ______ allele carried on an ________

Back 95

recessive; autosome

Front 96

AA-normal/Aa carrier/ aa affected child

Back 96

galactosemia genetics

Front 97

galactosemia genetics

Aa X Aa:____% chance of having a galactosemic child

Back 97

25%

Front 98

Tay-Sachs Allele is a ______ hexosaminidase A

Back 98

nonfunctional

Front 99

Gangliosides (brain cell lipids) cannot be broken down in lysosomes that swell, burst, and the lysosomal enzymes released kill the cell

Back 99

Tay sachs

Front 100

Tay Sachs disease:

phenotype: children appear normal up to ___ months, then signs of mental deterioration appear

Back 100

8

Front 101

causes blindness within a year of living and many rarely live to survive past the age of 5

Back 101

Tay Sachs

Front 102

1/3000,000 people have ___ ___

Back 102

Tay Sachs

Front 103

_____ of Eastern/Central European Ancestry: 1/28 are carriers and 1/3500 infants have Tay Sachs

Back 103

Jews

Front 104

Tay sachs is _____ recessive;

AA normal/Aa carrier/aa affected

Back 104

autosomal

Front 105

Tay Sachs is ______ ______ inheritance

Back 105

autosomal dominant

Front 106

type of dwarfism caused by an autosomal dominant allele

Back 106

achondroplasia

Front 107

affected individuals are <4'4"

Back 107

achondroplasia

Front 108

with achondroplasia
AA fetuses are usually _____

Aa are _____ but no other phentypic effects

aa are _____

Back 108

stillborn

short

normal

Front 109

this allele causes a progressive degeneration of the nervous system and is always fatal; 1/10,000

Back 109

huntington's disease

Front 110

huntington's disease:

in ____% of cases symptoms are expressed from age _____ onward

Back 110

50%; 40

Front 111

lethal allele remains in pool due to passage before symptoms develop

Back 111

huntington's disease

Front 112

Aa affected; aa normal

located on chromosome 4

test available

Back 112

huntington's disease

Front 113

some genes carried on the X chromosome are expressed bc the Y chromosome ______

Back 113

is so small

Front 114

true or false:

in females x linked recessive inheritance - these alleles will be expressed whether they are recessive or not

Back 114

false; in MALES

Front 115

_____ ___ is inherited through a linked recessive inheritance

Back 115

hemophilia A

Front 116

down's syndrom (trisomy 21) is a disorder from changes in _______ number

Back 116

chromosomes

Front 117

failure of _______ to separate properly during meiosis cause disorders

Back 117

chromosomes

Front 118

true or false:

with "old" eggs chromosome 21 is especially susceptible to failure of chromosomes to separate causing disorders

Back 118

true

Front 119

most _____ are miscarried but 1/1000 burths in N.Am. exhibit the symptoms

Back 119

embryos

Front 120

moderate to severe retardation, heart defects, and shortened life span are all symptoms of _____

Back 120

miscarriage/changes in chromosome number

Front 121

the study of the precise chemical details of how genetic systems work

Back 121

molecular genetics

Front 122

orginal scientists who won nobel prize for discovery of DNA

Back 122

watson and crick and wilson (franklin)

Front 123

hereditary chemical is a larrge molecule known as _____

Back 123

DNA

Front 124

DNA is a polymer of ______ (large molecule made up of these small subunits)

Back 124

nucleotides

Front 125

watson and crick used what kind of cells in their study of DNA

Back 125

bacterial cells/bacteriophages

Front 126

bases in DNA ATG+C; A=T and G=C

Back 126

Chargaff's rule

Front 127

the nucleotide general structure of DNA is composed of (3)

Back 127

phosphate

sugar (deoxyribose)

base

Front 128

contains a lot of nitrogen and alternates single/double bonds in nucleotide structure of DNA

Back 128

base

Front 129

Adenine and Guanine have a double carbon ring and are known as

Back 129

purines

Front 130

Thymine and cytosine have one carbon ring and are known as

Back 130

pyrimidmes

Front 131

the bases of DNA hook up by ____ bonds which can break easily

Back 131

hydrogen

Front 132

DNA is known as a double ____ and is composed of a _____ ______ backbone

Back 132

helix; sugar phosphate

Front 133

A-T, G-C base pairing

Back 133

DNA

Front 134

in DNA A-T is held together by ____ H bonds and G-C is held together by ____ H bonds

Back 134

2; 3

Front 135

_____ is very large and with protein makes chromosomes and coils up in the nucleus

Back 135

DNA

Front 136

hereditary material known as _____ spreads out while the cell is working

Back 136

chromatin

Front 137

____ are paired together in DNA

Back 137

bases

Front 138

DNA must be capable of _____ ______

Back 138

self replication

Front 139

DNA is responsible for ALL genetically controlled _______ characteristics

Back 139

phenotypic

Front 140

contains all the info necessary to make a new organism and control its processes

Back 140

DNA

Front 141

all the info is there to make another human being in the fertilized egg aka the _____

Back 141

zygote

Front 142

DNA Replication occurs during which phase

Back 142

interphase; S phase

Front 143

DNA Replication:

______ _____ are the enzymes necessary for replication

Back 143

DNA polymerase

Front 144

DNA Replication:

during this the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs are _____ and the 2 strands ____ (template and new strand)

Back 144

broken; separate

Front 145

DNA Replication:

after the two strands have separated still attached to the _____ the sugar phosphate backbone ______

Back 145

base; unwind

Front 146

DNA Replication:

the cell makes nucleotides after DNA unwinds and in the nucleus they ____ ____

Back 146

match up

Front 147

DNA Replication:

during _____ _____ ____ each new molecule is made up of half of the old molecule

Back 147

semi-conservative replication

Front 148

DNA Replication:

if DNA strands break (bc of UV, radiation or chemicals)this helps to repair it

Back 148

ligase

Front 149

____ _____ helps fix mismatches bases

Back 149

DNA polymerase

Front 150

discuss the steps of DNA replication

Back 150

DNA unwinds

hydrogen bonds break

DNA polymerase helps match up
bases

Ligase helps fix broken bases

2 new identical strands are created

Front 151

each parental strand acts as a template for the directed synthesis of a new complementary strand with a nucleotide sequence directed by the sequence in the parental strand

Back 151

DNA replication

Front 152

when DNA replication is completed there are ______ ______ ______ stranded molecules

Back 152

2 identical double

Front 153

DNA Replication:

synthesis reaaction catalyzed by a family of enzymes referred to as ____ ____

Back 153

DNA polymerase

Front 154

DNA Replication:

normal error rate = _____

Back 154

1/100,000,000

Front 155

the master molecule

Back 155

DNA

Front 156

true or false:

DNA is directly responsible for the appearance of phenotypic characteristics

Back 156

false; proteins are

Front 157

______ or enzymes are responsible for the appearance of phenotypic traits

Back 157

proteins

Front 158

phenotypic traits:

DNA has the ____ and proteins cause it to be _____

Back 158

info; expressed

Front 159

the linke between DNA and proteins is _____

Back 159

RNA

Front 160

DNA has a code for specific ______

Back 160

proteins

Front 161

_____ has all the info but it needs to be ______ by proteins

Back 161

DNA;translated

Front 162

true or false:

DNA cant leave the nucleus bc its so big so it needs RNA to make proteins

Back 162

true

Front 163

a single stranded polymer of ribonucleotides

Back 163

RNA

Front 164

true or false:

RNA is found in the nucleus AND the cytoplasm

Back 164

true

Front 165

true or false:

DNA is found in the nucleus AND the cytoplasm

Back 165

false; only nucleus

Front 166

for RNA the base _____ replaces ______

Back 166

uracil; thymine

Front 167

due to similarity in structure ____ can direct the synthesis to _____

Back 167

DNA; RNA

Front 168

____ can read DNA code and translate info into proteins

Back 168

RNA

Front 169

DNA directed RNA synthesis:

step one - info in DNA is transcribed onto RNA

Back 169

transcription

Front 170

DNA directed RNA synthesis:

step two - RNA is transported out of the _____ and into the ______ where it will have specific function depending on type

Back 170

nucleus; cytoplasm

Front 171

matches up with DNA sequence (complimentary strand of RNA)

Back 171

m-RNA (messenger RNA)

Front 172

nucleotides match up with DNA with the help of RNA ______

Back 172

polymerase

Front 173

name the 3 types of RNA

Back 173

messenger (mRNA)

ribosomal (rRNA)

transfer (tRNA)

Front 174

carries the specific instructions on how to construct protein from the appropriate amino acids

Back 174

mRNA

Front 175

a structural RNA used to construct ribosomes

Back 175

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Front 176

a family of RNAs that transport amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into protein

Back 176

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Front 177

info DNA is ______ on to messenger RNA (mRNA) and then the info in mRNA is ______ into protein

Back 177

transcribed; translated

Front 178

AIDS are called ___ ___ bc it has RNA in it (NO DNA) which gets into the immune system cells and uses RNA to make DNA aka ____ _____; thus giving the DNA the code to make more viruses

Back 178

retro virus; reverse transcription

Front 179

the ______ of bases in DNA determines which protein will be made

Back 179

sequence/order

Front 180

the DNA code must be large enought to accommodate all ___ amino acids needed to make biological proteins

Back 180

20

Front 181

in RNA directed protein synthesis (translation) there are only ___ nucleotides/bases

Back 181

4

Front 182

there are _____ codons for ___ amino acids

Back 182

64; 20

Front 183

3 bases are the code for one amino acid aka the ____ ____

Back 183

triplet code

Front 184

the _____ ____ is redundant and can have 2 sequences of bases that give the same amino acids (if mistake can still get same amino)

Back 184

genetic code

Front 185

there are more than one ____ _____ for each amino acid

Back 185

triplet code

Front 186

the start amino acid in the genetic code

Back 186

methionine

Front 187

every ____ bases translates through the genetic code into a specific amino acid

Back 187

3

Front 188

in m-RNA there are _____ - 3 bases in mRNA coding for 1 amino acid) and ______ in tRNA

Back 188

codons; anticodons

Front 189

the _____ in tRNA matches up with the ____ in mRNA

Back 189

anticodon; codon

Front 190

_____ has the same code as DNA except has uracil instead of thymine

Back 190

t-RNA

Front 191

in t-RNA there is a 3 base ______ at the top connected with ______

Back 191

anticodon; ribonucleotides

Front 192

_____ carries specific amino acids to ribomes whhich then produce the polypeptide chain

Back 192

t-RNA

Front 193

the 3 bases (anticodon) of ____ match up with the _____ (codon) which have complimentary bases i.e. AUG, TAC

Back 193

t-RNA; m-RNA

Front 194

name the 3 stages of translation

Back 194

initiation

elongation

termination

Front 195

stage of translation:

t-RNA binds itself to the ribosome starting with methionine (AUG)

Back 195

initiation

Front 196

stage of translation:

m-RNA threads itself through the ribosome; t-RNA brings amino acids through ribosome

Back 196

elongation

Front 197

stage of translation:

during intitiation/elongation each codon/anticodon match up represents a different____ ____

Back 197

amino acid

Front 198

stage of translation:

when gets to stop codon it stops making protein and the ribosome moves along m=RNA

Back 198

termination

Front 199

protein is synthesized by the ______ which then goes onto the _____ for the golgi body to package and transport

Back 199

ribosome; ER

Front 200

after termination in protein synthesis the ribosome breaks up into ___ components

Back 200

2

Front 201

summmarize steps of protein synthesis

Back 201

1. transcription of m-RNA

2. m-RNA moves into cytoplasm and binds to ribosome

3. at ribosome message is translated into protein

Front 202

summarize steps of protein synthesis (more specific)

Back 202

1. m-RNA copies DNA info by match up

2. m-RNA leaves nucleus goes to ribosomes

3. m-RNA attaches itself to ribosome (initiation)

4. t-RNA and m-RNA match (anticodon and codon)

4. long polypeptide chain is formed

Front 203

true or false:

all genetic info is not constantly transcribed and then translated rather its expressed on a selective basis in a tightly regulated fashion

Back 203

true

Front 204

regulation of gene expressions depends on

Back 204

needs of the organism (puberty, eating)

Front 205

true or false:

genes can be turned on/off

Back 205

true

Front 206

true or false:

one gene can turn another on/off on chromosome...control expression of other genes aka

Back 206

regulatory proteins

Front 207

_____ trillion cells controlled by approx. ______ genes

Back 207

100; 30,000

Front 208

mutations of cells can occur during ______ and can be for ex as simple as 1 codon (base) being substituted for another which causes _______

Back 208

replication; sickle cell anemia

Front 209

true or false:

viruses cannot cause cancer

Back 209

false; certain HPV viruses can

Front 210

cancer is a result of ____ _____ and cells can end up with an extra chromosome

Back 210

uncontrolled mitosis

Front 211

transformation of normal cell into malignant cell may be caused by turning on _______

Back 211

oncogenes

Front 212

everyone has _____ and they are usually turned off but they can be turned on---> abnormal growth/cancers

Back 212

oncogenes

Front 213

______ are a normal part of human genome active during development then turned off

Back 213

oncogenes

Front 214

abnormal activation of oncogenes can be caused by (3 examples)

Back 214

radiation/UV, carcinogenic chemicals, viral alteration of DNA

Front 215

true or false:

lung cancer is very rare in non smokers and abnormally high in smokers

Back 215

true