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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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entropy
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tendency towards loss of complexity, orderliness, and useful energy- increase in randomness, disorder, and less-useful energy
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open system
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exchanges energy and mass
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closed system
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exchanges energy but not mass
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isolated system
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no exchange of energy or mass
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1st law of thermodynamics
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energy can neither be created nor destroyed by ordinary processes, can change form, also called law of conservation of energy
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2nd law of thermodynamics
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when energy coverts to different forms, the amount of useful energy decreases, useful energy tends to be stored in highly ordered matter
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exothermic
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energy of reactant is greater than energy produced (oxidation of wood/fuel and cellular respiration)
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endothermic
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energy of reactant is less than energy produced (photosynthesis, CS2 production)
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oxidation
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loss of electron, loss 2 H atoms, or gain of oxygen atom
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reduction
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gain of electron, gain of 2 hydrogen atoms, or loss of oxygen atom
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enzymes
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protein catalysts, primarily of protein and made by living organisms, some require coenzymes to function, speeds up rate of biological reactions
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enzyme specificity
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catalyze few types of chemical reactions, catalyzes single type of reaction involving specific molecules but leaves similar molecules unchanged
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enzyme reaction process
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substrate attaches to active site of enzyme, substrate converted to product at active site, product released from active site
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substrate
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atoms or molecules that are reactants for enzyme-catalyzed chemicals reactions
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product
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atom or molecule formed from reactants in chemical reaction
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metabolism
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sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
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photoautotrophs
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energy from sunlight, synthesize cellular compounds from C02, ex- plants, algae, cyanobacteria
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chemoautotrophs
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energy from oxidation of inorganic or organic compounds, synthesize cellular compounds from organic compounds, ex- animals, fungi, glucose ferment bacteria, sulfur reducing bacteria
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external respiration
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breathing, movement of oxygen into organism and C02 out
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internal respiration
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cellular, exothermic breakdown of molecule to harvest energy
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anaerobic respiration
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oxidation of organic compounds to C02/oxidation of inorganic compounds using oxidizers other than oxygen, desulfovibrio species use it
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fermentation
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after glycolysis if no oxygen, pyruvate converted to lactate or ethanol and C02, doesn't make more ATP
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aerobic respiration
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oxidation of inorganic/organic molecules to harvest energy
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glycolysis part 1
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glucose must be activated, 1 molecule of glucose undergoes 2 enzyme-catalyzed reactions (uses ATP), changes glucose molecule to unstable fructose bisphosphate molecule, necessary to produce greater energy returns later
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glycolysis part 2
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energy harvest- fructose bisphosphate splits into two 3-carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphat, each molecule is converted to pyruvate, 4 ATPs generated but only net gain of 2
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transition reaction
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occurs in mitochondria
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mitochondrion
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bilayer membrane, site of reaction of aerobic metabolism, 1-5 mm
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citric acid cycle
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krebs cycle, reactions in mitochondria, acetyl groups from pyruvic acids are broken down to C02, accompanied by ATP formation and electron carriers
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electron transport system
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series of electron carrier molecules, found in thykaloid membranes of chloroplasts and inner membrane of mitochondria, that extract energy from electrons and generate ATP
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Winogradsky column
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closed or isolated system
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NAD and NADH
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NAD accepts hydrogen to make NADH
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FAD and FADH2
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FAD accepts hydrogen to make FADH2
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pyruvate or pyruvic acid
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three-carbon molecule formed by glycolysis and then used in fermentation or cellular respiration
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photosynthesis
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converts energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose and releases oxygen, occurs in chloroplasts and cytoplasm
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photosynthetic pigments
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chlorophyll ( absorbs violet, blue, and red but reflects green) carotenoids are accessory pigments that absorb blue/green light and appear yellow/orange
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chloroplasts
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organelles of double outer membrane enclosing semifluid medium, located in mesophyll of plants
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grana
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stack of thylakoids in chloroplasts
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thylakoid
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disk-shaped, interconnected membranous sacs embedded in stroma
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stroma
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semi-fluid material inside chloroplasts where grana are embedded
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light reactions (light dependent)
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chlorophyll and other molecules embedded in membranes of thykaloids capture sunlight energy and convert to chemical energy stored in energy carrier molecules (ATP and NADPH), oxygen gas is released also
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dark reactions (light independent)
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enzymes in stroma use chemical energy of carrier molecules to drive synthesis of glucose or other organic molecules
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cyclic electron pathway
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ATP production, some photosynthetic bacteria only have CEP
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noncyclic electron pathway
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light reactions or light dependent, ATP production, NADPH production
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photosystem I
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generates NADPH
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photosystem II
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generates ATP
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C3 pathway
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capturing 6 carbon dioxide molecules from the air and using them to make 6-carbon sugar glucose, requires C02, sugar, enzymes, and energy in form of ATP and NADPH, during light independent reactions of photosynthesis
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C4 pathway
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series of reactions in certain plants that fixes carbon dioxide into oxaloacetic acid, later broken down for use in C3 cycle of photosynthesis
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CAM pathway
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light and dark rxns occur in mesophyll cell chloroplasts, C02 is fixed to form malic acid at night and stored in vacuoles, malic acid is released from vacuoles during the day, mlic acid releases C02 to dark rxns,occurs in arid regions
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