Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are some characteristics of plants?
|
Cell walls (made of cellulose), Multicellular, Photosynthetic (-Trap solar energy and convert it into food, -Serve as nutrient source for non-photosynthetic organisms) Use sexual reproduction
(-The male gamete (sperm) fuses with female gamete (egg) to make embryo, -Embryos are protected & nourished inside the parent plant, -Not seen in closest relatives to plants, green algae) Alternation of generations |
|
|
What is a multicellular diploid generation (2n)?
|
Sporophyte
|
|
|
What is a multicellular haploid generation (n)?
|
Gametophyte
|
|
|
What is considered a full plant?
|
Sporophyte
|
|
|
What is considered to have two sets of genes?
|
Diploid
|
|
|
What do sporophytes produce during meiosis?
|
Spores
|
|
|
What are spores (sometimes called pollen) considered to be called, because they have one set of genes?
|
Haploid
|
|
|
What does one spore grow into thats made of only a few cells, and isn't a full plant?
|
Gametophyte
|
|
|
Gametophytes produce gametes (eggs and sperm) which are?
|
Haploid
|
|
|
What does a fertilized egg develop into, which is diploid ( one set of genes from egg, and one from sperm), often grows on the gametophyte, which protects and nourishes them, and are also called seeds?
|
Embryo's
|
|
|
T or F: More primitive plants have obvious and distinct sporophytes & gametophytes
|
True (ex. mosses)
|
|
|
How do plants affect other organisms?
|
Vital contributions to food, air, soil, and water that sustain life, help build soil, help keep ecosystems moist, provide shelter and fuel, many medicines, pleasure through flowers, gardens, parks, coffee, tea, wine, etc.
|
|
|
How do plants build soil?
|
-Dead plant material is decomposed into organic matter: adds nutrients making soil more fertile
-The roots of living plants hold soil together, preventing erosion by wind & water -Deforestation = soil erosion |
|
|
How do plants help keep ecosystems moist?
|
-Store water from the soil
-Slow the rate of water runoff and flooding |
|
|
How do plants provide shelter and fuel?
|
Housing, fuel ( cooking, warmth, coal)
|
|
|
What medicines do plants make?
|
Aspirin, Taxol (cancer), morphine, quinine (malaria), etc.
|
|
|
What kind of plants require a wet environment to reproduce, similar to amphibians, and have gravity and lack of water for solutions?
|
Nonvascular plants
|
|
|
What kind of plants can grow on land, in dry areas, and usually have all the solutions?
|
Vascular plants
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of nonvascular plants?
|
They lack true roots, stems, or leaves, have rhizoids (root-like anchoring structures), small size (most are less than 2.5 cm tall)-1. rely on slow diffusion or poorly developed conducting tissues to distribute water and other nutrients 2. no lignin (stiffening agent) in cell walls
|
|
|
(Nonvascular) What are some characteristics of hornworts?
|
-Their sporophytes grow upward from the gametophyte
-Generally have a spiky shape that appears hornlike |
|
|
(Nonvascular) What are some characteristics of liverworts?
|
Certain species have a lobed form reminiscent of a liver, palm-like structures are females holding eggs, sperm must swim through water to fertilize eggs
|
|
|
(Nonvascular) What are some characteristics of mosses?
|
Mosses are the most diverse, some have a waterproof coating that retains moisture- allows growth in drier areas like the desert or on rocks, and accumulations of dead mosses form peat, which is used as fuel
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of vascular plants?
|
-Specialized conducting cells
-Lignin -Seedless plants (Ferns) -Seed plants (Gymnosperms, Angiosperms) |
|
|
(Vascular) What are some characteristics of ferns?
|
-Swimming sperm (require water for reproduction)
-Do not produce seeds: propagate by spores -Generally small (only a few inches to feet in height) -Most diverse among seedless vascular plants -Only vascular plant to have broad leaves |
|
|
What do vascular plants produce?
|
Pollen and seeds
|
|
|
What kind of plant lacks flowers?
|
Gymnosperms
|
|
|
What are all flowering plants considered?
|
Angiosperms
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of the pollen in vascular seed plants?
|
-Tiny grains carrying sperm producing cells
-Dispersed by wind (sperm do not require water to fertilize egg) Sperm and egg fuse to make an embryo (seed) |
|
|
What are some characteristics of the seed in vascular seed plants?
|
Comprised of 3 parts:
-Embryonic sporophyte plant -Food supply for the embryo -A protective outer coat |
|
|
What are some characteristics of gymnosperms?
|
-Nonflowering seed plants
-Evolved earlier than flowering plants -First fully terrestrial plants to evolve -Currently four groups of gymnosperms: ginkgoes, cycads, conifers, and gnetophytes |
|
|
Which gymnosperms have been extensively planted in the U.S. cities because they are resistant to pollution, and only have one species?
|
Ginkgos
|
|
|
Which gymnosperms grow slowly and live for a long time, one specimen is estimated to be 5,000 years old, and about half are endangered?
|
Cycads
|
|
|
Which gymnosperms have leaves of the Ephedra species used as stimulants and appetite suppressants, and have 70 species of shrubs, vines, and small trees?
|
Gnetophytes
|
|
|
Which gymnosperms include pines and firs, have their seeds develop into cones, and live in cold climates: retention of green leaves throughout the year (evergreen)?
|
Conifers
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of angiosperms?
|
-Flowering seed plants (produce flowers and fruits)
-Are the most diverse and widespread of all plants with more than 230,000 species -3 adaptations explain their dominance (flowers, fruits, and broad leaves) |
|
|
What are reproductive structures in which gametophytes are formed, evolved when gymnosperm ancestors formed an association with animals, and which increased plant reproduction and gene flow?
|
Flowers
|
|
|
What contains developing seeds, entice animals to eat them (seeds pass through digestive tract unharmed), some that are burr cling to animal fur, some that are winged are carried through the air (increase seed/embryo dispersal)?
|
Fruits
|
|
|
What are used to capture more sunlight, are consumed by herbivores, angiosperm defenses: physical defenses (thorns, spines), chemical defenses (plant tissue is poisonous/or distasteful), produce medicines (aspirin, codeine), stimulants (nicotine, caffeine), spicy flavors (mustard, peppermint)?
|
Broad leaves
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of fungi?
|
Eukaryotes
Most are multicellular (yeast are unicellular) Decomposers Cell walls made of chitin Non-motile |
|
|
What is the body of almost all fungi, that stretches into areas with food source?
|
Mycelium
|
|
|
What are the threadlike filaments of mycelium called that can be elongated cells with multiple nuclei, and can grow in any direction with suitable environment?
|
Hyphae
|
|
|
Hyphae can be sub-divided by partitions called? Also they have pores (allows cytoplasm between cells to mix, distributes nutrients between cells)
|
Septa
|
|
|
Very rarely, hyphae form a large, obvious reproductive structure that grows away from the mycelium, what are some examples?
|
Mushrooms, puffballs, truffels
|
|
|
Which nutrition of fungi are considered decomposers because they digest dead organisms?
|
Saprophytes
|
|
|
Which nutrition of fungi absorb nutrients from cells of living hosts and may cause disease?
|
Parasites
|
|
|
Which nutrition of fungi feed on live organisms?
|
Predators
|
|
|
Which nutrition of fungi live with other organisms (long term)?
|
Symbionts
|
|
|
What is the digestion of food in fungi?
|
-Produce many enzymes
-Allow extracellular digestion -Digest then ingest -Industrially important enzymes |
|
|
Which predatory fungus has a noose-like modified hyphae to trap prey, that immediately swells when trapping the worm?
|
"Round worm strangler"
|
|
|
WHat are some characteristics of fungal reproduction?
|
-Both sexual and asexual reproduction
-Sexual reproduction is rare (neighboring hyphae will fuse & create a diploid cell with shared DNA from both) -Most reproduction is asexual, through dispersal of spores, making millions of genetic clones |
|
|
Which reproduction in fungi is by spores dispersed by air and other carriers, released by specialized reproductive structures, and usually in large numbers?
|
Asexual
|
|
|
What is a close interaction between organisms of different species over an extended period of time, and fungal member could be harmful or beneficial?
|
Symbiotic relationship
|
|
|
What are formed by fungi that live with photosynthetic algae or bacteria, grow on a wide variety of materials (soil, tree trunks, branches, rock, fences, etc), able to survive environmental extremes (volcanic islands, deserts, etc), and very diverse in form?
|
Lichens
|
|
|
What have symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots, digest and absorb nutrients from the soil, passing directly into the plant roots, plant provides fungi with energy-rich sugar molecules, and plants without this fungus tend to be smaller and less vigorous?
|
Mycorrhizae
|
|
|
What fungi live inside plant stems and leaves, some are parasites that cause plant disease, some are beneficial to the host plant (live inside grasses and produce substances that are distasteful/toxic to insects, and protects the grasses from predation?
|
Endophytes
|
|
|
What fungi are Earth's undertakers, feeding on the dead of all kingdoms, are fungal saprophytes that release extracellular substances that digest the tissues of dead organisms, liberating nutrients that can be reused by plants (important for recycling minerals, nutrients, and energy)
|
Decomposers
|
|
|
How do fungal parasite cause the majority of plant diseases?
|
Some cause Dutch elm disease and chestnut blight
|
|
|
What are parasites that cause considerable damage to grain crops?
|
Rusts and smuts (e.g. corn smut)
|
|
|
How can fungi destroy plant material that has been harvested for human use?
|
e.g. some molds& mildews cause wooden structures to rot
e.g. some secrete enzymes that damage cotton and wool fabrics |
|
|
Athlete's foot, jock itch, & ringworm are cause by what type of fungi?
|
That attack the skin
|
|
|
What yeast are most vaginal infections caused by?
|
Candida albicans
|
|
|
Valley fever & histoplasmosis are caused by what type of fungi?
|
That attack the lungs (occurs when the victim inhales spores)
|
|
|
How are many antibiotics derived from fungi?
|
e.g. Penicillin is produced by a mold
e.g. Cyclosporin (fungi used to suppress immune response after organ transplants) |
|
|
How do some fungi benefit agriculture?
|
-Some fungal parasites are used to control insect pests such as termites, etc.
-Certain fungi attack mosquitoes which transmit malaria -Wild cultivated mushrooms, like morels and truffles are highly prized -Certain molds impart flavor to cheeses (Roquefort, Camembert, Stilton, Gorgonzola) |
|
|
How are yeast used in the production of wine, beer, and bread?
|
-Wine is produced when yeasts ferment fruit sugars
-Beer is derived when yeasts ferment sugars in germinating grains (e.g. barley) |
|
|
What are some key features of animals?
|
Multicellular, no cell wall, obtain energy by consuming other organisms (heterotrophs), most reproduce sexually, they are motile at some point in the life cycle, and they are able to respond rapidly to external stimuli
|
|
|
What are some milestones in animal evolution?
|
1. The appearance of tissues
2. The appearance of body symmetry 3. The type of development |
|
|
What are a group of similar cells that come together to perform a common function?
|
Tissues
|
|
|
What are the only modern animals that lack tissue?
|
Sponges
|
|
|
T or F: Individual cells in sponges may be specialized, but they act independently and are not organized into true tissues?
|
True
|
|
|
Sponges and all remaining tissue-containing animals arose from what ancient common ancestor?
|
Protists
|
|
|
T or F: Symmetry is only in animals with tissues?
|
True
|
|
|
What are 2 halves of the body that are mirror images of each other considered?
|
Symmetry
|
|
|
Which animals can be divided into roughly equal halves by any plane that passes through the central axis? (ie. jellyfish, coral, anemones)
|
Radial symmetry
|
|
|
Which animals can be divided into mirror-image halves, division is only along one plane that runs down the midline; usually a defined head?
|
Bilateral symmetry
|
|
|
T or F: Protostome vs. deuterostome has to do with how an animal develops from the embryo?
|
True
|
|
|
Which phyla is found in most marine & aquatic environments, have a variety of sizes and shapes, only motile as embryos, but some adult can move a few mm a day using cilia (includes sponges)?
|
Phylum Porifera
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of sponges?
|
-Lack true tissues and organs
-Body is perforated by tiny pores (water passes through the pores so each can extract oxygen and nutrients) -Composed of multiple single cells that live together for mutual benefit -Each type of cell has a specialized function (nutrition, reproduction) |
|
|
Which phyla have cells organized into distinct tissues, two distinct body plans (polyp-attached, medusa-free swimming), have cnidocytes on their tentacles that have poison and paralyze prey (includes hydra, anemones, jellyfish, and coral)?
|
Phylum Cnidaria
|
|
|
Which phyla have the most diverse and abundant animals on the planet, that include: insects (moths, butterflies, ants, bees, beetles-1/3 of insects), arachnids (spiders, scorpions, ticks-predatory carnivores), myriapods (centipede, millipede-many legs), and crustaceans (crabs, lobster, shrimp, barnacle-aquatic)?
|
Phylum Arthropoda
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of the phylum arthropoda?
|
-Have an exoskeleton (outside the body)-protects against predators, provides waterproof covering, and exoskeleton must be molted (shed) periodically to allow animal to grow, -Nervous system has a brain & nerves that run throughout the body, -Finely coordinated movement & complex behavior, -Possess well developed sensory structures (eg. compound eyes)
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of insects?
|
-Only vertebrates that can fly
-Undergo a process called metamorphosis (radical change from a juvenile body to adult body, juvenile form is worm-like; called larvae) -Bombardier beetle produces a hot, toxic spray that protects the beetle from ants and other predators |
|
|
Which phyla are exclusively marine, have hedgehog skin, and include sea urchins, starfish, sea cucumbers, sand dollars, and sea lilies?
|
Phylum Echinodermata
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of the phylum echinodermata?
|
-Larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry; show radial symmetry
-Possess an endoskeleton (internal skeleton) -Have a primitive nervous system with no distinct brain -Many are able to regenerate lost body parts (e.g. parts of a sea star are able to form a whole animal) |
|
|
What are some benefits of invertebrates?
|
-Food sources (crab, shrimp, insects, etc)
-Pollinators (bees, butterflies, etc) -Decomposers (beetles, millipedes, ants, slugs, etc) |
|
|
What are some medical uses of invertebrates?
|
-Leeches in reconstructive surgery remove excess blood & promote blood flow, -Blowfly maggots rid wounds & ulcers of dying tissue that interferes with healing or causes infection, -Some sponges contain useful chemicals, -Drug spongistatin treats fungal infections of AID patients, - Eribulin may treat breast cancer from the Halichondria sponge
|
|
|
What are some harm that invertebrates can cause?
|
-Tapeworm infect improperly cooked beef, pork or fish, -Worms attach to the lining of the intestine & can grow more than 20ft, -Release eggs that are shed in the host feces continuing the infective life cycle, -Hookworm larvae bore into human feet, travel to the intestine, and cause continuous bleeding, -Heartworms transmit to cats & dogs by the bite of an infected mosquito
|
|
|
What are some continuing harms that invertebrates can cause?
|
-Some arachnids, spiders, and scorpions inject paralyzing venom into prey
-Ticks and mosquitoes can spread Lyme disease, and malaria -Some insects, scorpions, and ants can sting or bite which could be dangerous for those with allergies |
|
|
What varies in size from microscopic sea squirts to whales more than 100ft long, have a flexible supporting rod (notochord), hollow dorsal nerve cord, gill groves or slits, and a tail?
|
Chordates
|
|
|
What is a stiff flexible rod extending the length of the body, may only appear during embryonic development (e.g. humans-provides support for body & muscles)
|
Notochord
|
|
|
What lies above the digestive tract, and the front part of it forms the brain?
|
Nerve cord
|
|
|
What is located in the pharynx (behind the mouth), eventually forms gills, and may only appear as grooves during embryonic development?
|
Pharyngeal gill slits
|
|
|
What is the chordate tail that extends past the anus, contains muscle tissue, and may only appear during embryonic development (humans)?
|
Post-anal tail
|
|
|
T or F: Key chordate features are best seen during embryonic development?
|
True
|
|
|
Only the nerve cord is retained in adults, so what do we end up losing?
|
Notochord, gill slits, and tail
|
|
|
What is a group that includes all of the organisms descended from a common ancestor?
|
Clade
|
|
|
What clades make up the chordates?
|
Lancelets, tunicates, and craniates (hagfishes)
|
|
|
What are invertebrate marine filter-feeders, small fish-like, retain all 4 chordate features as adults, live half-buried in the sand with only the front end of their bodies exposed, and food particles are drawn into the mouth?
|
Lancelets
|
|
|
What are also invertebrate marine filter-feeders, that include sea squirts, and larvae are motile & exhibit key chordate features?
|
Tunicates
|
|
|
What includes all chordates with a skull enclosing a brain, and includes hagfishes: invertebrates, and vertebrates: embryonic notochord is replaced by a backbone (or vertebral column)
|
Craniates
|
|
|
What lack jaws, feed primarily on worms, secrete massive quantities of slime as a defense against predators, and lack a true backbone (but have a brain & braincase)
|
Hagfishes
|
|
|
What are some vertebrate adaptations?
|
Internal skeleton: can grow & repair itself
Jaws: allow animals to eat a much wider range of food Paired appendages: help stabilize movement (e.g. fins, legs, wings) Brain complexity: allow animals to perceive the environment in more detail & allow better responses to stimuli |
|
|
What live in both fresh and salt water, jawless (like hagfishes)-a round sucker that surround the mouth, and some parasitize fish (will attach to host with a sucker-like mouth, has teeth on its tongue which are used to create holes to suck blood and bodily fluids, and are an invasion of great lakes?
|
Lampreys
|
|
|
What are marine animals, including sharks & rays, possess jaws and a cartilaginous skeleton, and their body is protected by a leathery skin embedded with tiny scales?
|
Cartilaginous fishes
|
|
|
Which cartilaginous fish feeds by filtering plankton, most are predators of larger prey (fish, marine mammals, sea turtles, crab, or squid), and many have several rows of razor-sharp teeth?
|
Sharks
|
|
|
What are the most diverse & abundant vertebrates that include regular fish & eels, bony fish found in freshwater and marine habitats, distinguished by the structure of their fins (formed by webs of skin, supported by boney spines), worldwide human food source, reduced by 10% populations have declined due to overfishing?
|
Ray-finned fishes
|
|
|
What are some examples of endangered ray-finned fishes?
|
Tuna, bass, snapper, etc..
|
|
|
What include coelacanths and lungfishes, have fleshy round fins that contain bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle, and some of these fins help drag fish over land (gave rise to the first vertebrates on land: amphibians)?
|
Lobe-finned fishes
|
|
|
What lobe-finned fish have gills, lungs, and some even survive when water dries up by burrowing into mud?
|
Lungfish
|
|
|
What includes frogs, toads, and salamanders, is greek for "double life", begin life adapted to water, mature into semi-terrestrial adults with lungs (most respire through lungs/moist skin), most have 4 limbs, skin must be kept moist to avoid desiccation when out of water, 1st transition to land, but have aquatic egg/larval stages?
|
Amphibians
|
|
|
Why are frog & toad species going extinct?
|
-Habitat destruction, mainly in wetlands
-Fungal infections -Widespread humans -Many are only protected by thin skin that pollutants can easily penetrate (e.g. pesticides) -Their skin makes them susceptible to UV light that has increased due to ozone reduction? |
|
|
What respire exclusively through lungs, adapted for life on land, more efficient lungs than amphibians , skeleton provides better support & more efficient movement on land, and include lizards, snakes, alligators, turtles, crocodiles, and birds?
|
Reptiles
|
|
|
What are three adaptations that allow reptiles to live on land?
|
-Tough scaly skin: protects the body & resists water loss
-Internal fertilization: male deposits sperm in the female body -Shelled amniotic egg: encases the embryo in a liquid-filled membrane, preventing it from drying out on land |
|
|
What are a distinctive group of reptiles by their feathers, retain scales on their legs, are adapted for flight (-provide lift, control, and insulation, -nervous system provides coordination, balance, and acute eyesight), and are warm-blooded (endothermic), unlike all other cold-blooded reptiles (exothermic)?
|
Birds
|
|
|
What are most that have legs for running rather than crawling, have sweat, scent, and sebaceous (oil-producing) glands (not found in other vertebrates), and brain is highly developed (-unparalleled curiosity & learning ability, can alter behavior on experience=learn , and have extended parental care after birth)?
|
Mammals
|
|
|
What are the 3 groups mammals are subdivided into?
|
Monotremes, marsupials, and placental
|
|
|
What are egg-laying mammals, include 3 species: platypus & two species of spiny anteater (echidnas), only found in Australia & New Guinea, lay leathery eggs rather than live birth, and newly hatched young are nourished from milk secreted by the mother?
|
Monotremes
|
|
|
What include opossums, koalas, kangaroos, wallabies, wombats, & tasmania devil, embryo's begin development in the uterus of the female (young are born at very immature stage & must crawl to a nipple to complete development, and in most, post-development is completed in a protective pouch?
|
Marsupials
|
|
|
What are most mammals that inhabit land, air, and sea, are highly diverse: bats, moles, whales, seals, monkeys, cheetahs, humans, etc.), rodents account for 40% of species, and the young are retained in the uterus for entire embryonic development?
|
Placental mammals
|
|
|
What does the uterus in placental mammals provide?
|
Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between mother and embryo
|
|
|
What are 20% of mammalian species, only mammals to have evolved wings & flight, many are predators & hunt frogs, fish, or insects, use echolocation by emitting short pulses of high-pitched sound, largest urban population live in Austin, and worlds largest population live in Bracken Cave (mexican-free tailed)?
|
Bats
|
|
|
What is any observable activity of a living animal?
|
Behavior
|
|
|
What is the study of animal behavior?
|
Ethology
|
|
|
What are some example of behavior?
|
-Moths fly to a light
-Bluebirds sing, wolves howl -Humans dance, play sports & wage war -Cats stalk mice |
|
|
What form of behavior is usually genetically-based (nature)?
|
Innate behavior
|
|
|
What form of behavior is usually environment-based (nurture)?
|
Learned behavior
|
|
|
What kind of behavior can be performed without prior experience, performed to completion the first time (animal is at the right age, and correct motivational state encounters a particular stimulus), and the behavior appears even if it never been taught this behavior?
|
Innate behavior
|
|
|
What are some examples of innate behavior in humans?
|
-Hunger (humans are able to communicate their hunger state from a very young age)
-Grasp reflex (very strong in babies) -Response to stimuli (withdrawing your hand when you touch a hot object) |
|
|
What are some examples of innate behavior in birds?
|
-Female cuckoo birds lay their eggs in the nest of other bird species (crows), where chicks are raise by their adoptive parents, -After hatching, the chick will shove the nest owners eggs out of the nest (eliminates competition for food), -Innate behavior (chicks have not been taught this behavior, born with this instinct)
|
|
|
What kind of behavior requires experience (e.g. the process by which a human learns language, and a cougar teaching her babies how to hunt)?
|
Learned behavior
|
|
|
What are types of learned behavior?
|
-Habituation
-Conditioning (classical and operant conditioning) -Insight learning |
|
|
What is a a decline in response to a repeated stimulus, this ability prevents an animal from wasting its energy and attention on irrelevant stimuli (e.g. sea anemone will retract its tentacles when touched, but will stop if done frequently, and over time humans get accustomed with sounds they're not used to)?
|
Habituation
|
|
|
What is a learned association between a stimulus and a response?
|
Conditioning
|
|
|
What is it when an animal learns to perform a response, normally cause by one stimulus, to a new stimulus (i.e. Pavolv's dogs)?
|
Classical conditioning
|
|
|
What allows animals to learn behaviors to receive awards or to avoid punishments, a learning technique often used to train animals, trial-and-error learning is one type (new and appropriate responses to stimuli are acquired through experience), e.g. food that taste good/bad (food that makes you sick); if a toad captures a bee and is stung, it'll learn to avoid encounters with bees ?
|
Operant conditioning
|
|
|
What is problem solving without trial and error, animals can solve certain problems without prior experience, done by mentally manipulating concepts (requires high level of intelligence), e.g. making tools (humans and chimpanzees do this)?
|
Insight learning
|
|
|
What is an example of how innate behavior can be modified by learned behavior?
|
-Newly hatched gull chicks peck for food at a red spot on its parents beak (innate)
-Herring gull chicks come to recognize their own parents as they mature |
|
|
What is an example of how learning is limited by innate constraints?
|
-E.g. a robin is born with the ability to sing
-Imprinting: type of learning where an animals nervous system is rigidly programmed to learn a certain thing in only a certain period (sensitive period) |
|
|
How is behavior a combination of genes and environment?
|
-Contributions of heredity/learning vary among animal species and among behaviors within an individual
-The link between genetics and environmental components is not well understood, some evidence -e.g. naive migrating birds, hatched only months earlier, travel from one location to another without previous experience |
|
|
What is a signal by one organism that causes another organism to change its behavior; exchange of information?
|
Communication
|
|
|
What kind of communication are most effective over short distances, and specific movements (or static images) convey a message?
|
Visual displays
|
|
|
What kind of communication is effective over longer distances (conveyed by variations in sound pattern, volume, and pitch; can attract predators), e.g. sheep can tell each other apart by the different sounds they produce, and dogs bark or whine to convey emotions?
|
Communication by sound
|
|
|
What kind of communication persists over long periods of time, can influence others behavior of the same species; which are called pheromones?
|
Chemical communication
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of pheromones?
|
-Not detectable by other species (don't attract predators)
-Act as a sign post, persisting over time, marking animal boundaries -Can cause immediate change in the behavior of the detecting animal (e.g.. foraging termites detect food and leave trail of pheromones for other to follow) |
|
|
What are some examples of pheromone-induced behavior?
|
-Can cause physiological changes in the detecting animal
-e.g. queen honeybee produces pheromone (queen substance) that prevents other females from being sexually mature; some mature male mice pheromone in their urine that cause surrounding to become fertile |
|
|
How do humans respond to pheromones?
|
-E.g. the menstrual cycles of female roommates and close friends tend to be synchronized
-Possibly due to pheromones being passed between women -Remains unknown (none discovered) -Humans lack the specific sensory system found in all other animals that detect chemical signals |
|
|
What kind of communication helps establish and maintain bonds, especially in humans and primates, gestures include kissing, nuzzling, patting, petting, grooming, etc, important to human development and well-being that cements the bond btw parent and offspring, and also be a prelude to sexual activity (land snails)?
|
Touch
|
