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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is a microbe?
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something smaller than can be seen with the naked eye (i.e: Bacteria, Archaea, Viruses, protists, some fungi)
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size. examples.
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What is a virus?
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non-cellular infectious particles
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cell?
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What are viruses composed of?
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nucleic acids (single or double stranded DNA or RNA) and proteins
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DNA
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What is the protein coat on virus and what is it composed of?
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capsid - covers and protects the nucleic acid
envelope - membrane covering over capsid spikes - glycoproteins on envelope that aid in attachment |
c... and...
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What are the steps in viral infection?
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1. attachment and entry into host cell
2. replicating the viral nucleic acids and proteins 3. assembly 4. release |
there are four.
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What is used to stop a viral disease and how does it work?
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vaccines - cause immune system to develop antibodies that fight against foreign substances (antigens)
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shot
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Who developed the first vaccination protocol?
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Edward Jenner
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E.J.
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What are some characteristics of bacteria?
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prokaryotic, single-circular chromosome
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proky or euky? ...circle...
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What makes up bacteria's cell wall?
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composed of peptidoglycan;
capsule - sugar coating for adhering pili - short projections for adhering flagella - movement |
chains of sugars. c...p...f...
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How do bacteria adapt and reproduce?
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binary fission (divide by 2 and grow exponentially)
endospore - dormant structure that some bacteria form to withstand harsh environmental conditions |
asexually - division. endo...
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Metabolic diversity of bacteria
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autotrophs - photoautrophs and chemoautotrophs; heterotrophs; aerobes; anaerobes; nitrogen fixing
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...trophs and others
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Why are bacteria important?
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digestion, food, decomposition
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eating
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What are pathogens and how do they work?
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cause disease - most through toxins. harm living tissue, alter some biological processes
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killing
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What are antibiotics?
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substances produced by one microorganism that are toxic to another species
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...toxic...
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How are archaea like bacteria?
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prokaryotic, single-circular chromosome, cell wall, don't have organelles
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what are bacteria?
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How are archaea like eukaryotes?
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some introns, similarities in ribosomal structure, antibiotics don't affect them
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what are eukaryotes?
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What are characteristics of archaea?
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branching membrane lipids, partial monolayer membranes
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membrane
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What is a protist?
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any eukaryote that is not a plant, fungus, or animal
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artificial group
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What are the three cell forms of protists?
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unicellular, colonial, multicellular
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one, two, three
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Protists can be sedetary. What does this mean?
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stay in one place
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sedet = sit
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What is a pseudopod?
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false feet; extensions of the cell - the rest of the cytoplasm can flow into it to move the cell
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pseudo = false, pod = feet
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What is a cyst?
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resistant dormant structure that forms when no food is available
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dormant
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What are nutritional capabilities of protists?
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photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs
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...trophs
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What occurs in the life cycle of the Chlamydomonas?
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find cell of opposite mating type ( + / - ) and the two mating types pair and form a diploid zygote. the zygote undergoes meiosis and releases haploid daughter cells
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opposite mating types, diploid, haploid
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What are photosynthetic protists?
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algae; most microscopic, carry out photosynthesis
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ponds
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What are phytoplankton?
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small photosynthetic organisms that are producers in aquatic ecosystems
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bottom of food chain
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What are the heterotrophic protists?
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ciliates, parasites, symbiont, slime molds
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c...p...s...sm
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What are ciliates?
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use cilia to move; paramecium
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cilia
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What are parasites? (in harm)
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live in guts, form cysts between hosts; giardia
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guts, cysts
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What are entamoebas?
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live in intestines
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guts
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What is cryptosporidium?
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not necessarily killed by chlorine; #1 water borne diseases in U.S.
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#1
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What are symbionts?
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live with another organism and both benefit
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mutualism
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What is Dictyostelium discodium (slime mold)?
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thousands of separate, ameoba-like cells; secrete chemicals when starving that attract individuals and form a large slug that's now multicellular. the slug forms a reproductive structure. 80% spores, 20% stalk - dead.
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slug, stalk
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What are three examples of fungi?
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mushrooms, molds, yeast
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m...m...y
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How do fungi get their food?
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heterotrophic
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auto or hetero?
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What do saprobes do?
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break down dead organic matter; decomposers
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de... live or dead?
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What do parasites do?
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break down living organic matter; cause disease and death
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de...live or dead?
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What are mychorrhizae?
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fungal associations with plant roots; aid plant nutrient absorption
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roots
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What are lichens?
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mutualistic relationship between fungus and photosynthetic partner
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between fungus and...?
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What are hyphae?
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thin, elongated cells
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thin...
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What is a fungus's cell wall made of?
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chitin
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spiders
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What does sessile mean?
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do not move
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like sedetary
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What is a mycelium?
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interwoven mass of hyphae; somewhat solid structure
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hyphae
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Do fungi spend most of their lives as haploid or diploid?
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haploid
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What do fungi do in asexual reproduction?
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produces spores mitotically - spores are dispersed and can start a new organism
(do not have to fuse) |
spores
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What do fungi do in sexual reproduction?
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different mating types; hyphae can fuse (plasmogamy), cytoplasm fuse, but not necessarily nuclei
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hyphae fuse
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What is a dikaryotic state?
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two separate nuclei coexisting
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two nuclei
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Plasmogamy is sometimes followed by karyogamy, which is...?
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nuclei fuse and form diploid nucleus, then form structure for spore dispersal and release new haploid spores
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nuclei join...spores
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What are basidiomycetes?
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mushrooms; spore releasing structure in shape of club
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mushrooms
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What are ascomycetes?
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sac fungi; tiny spore-releasing structures with sac-like shape
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sac
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What are zygomycetes?
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bread mold; reproductive structure whose slender extensions are topped by spherical sacs filled with spores
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slender extensions
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What are chytrids?
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live in water; single-celled
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water...uni...
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What are some useful fungi?
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edible mushrooms, wood decomposers, penicillin, baker's and brewer's yeast
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eat yum yum
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What are some toxic fungi?
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toxic mushrooms, Ergot
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bad mushrooms, Eragon :/
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What is mycosis?
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fungal infection in an animal or human; i.e. ringworm, athlete's foot
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David Wolff
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What is an embryophyte?
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plant that protects and nourishes its embryo
(algae DONT do this) |
protection
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What is the general plant life cycle?
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haploid spore goes through mitosis and becomes a multicellular gametophyte, which goes through mitosis and produces gametes which form a zygote. the zygote goes through mitosis and forms a multicellular sporophyte which goes through meiosis to create haploid spores
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spores, gametes, zygote, mitosis
(picture in notebook) |
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What are the four main plant groups?
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bryophytes (mosses), seedless vascular (ferns), gymosperms (conifers), and angiosperms (flowers)
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b...sv...g...a...
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What are characteristics of bryophytes?
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gametophyte is the dominant stage of their life cycle***
lack a true vascular system fertilization in water |
gam or spore? water
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What are characteristics of seedless vascular plants? What are xylem and phloem?
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vascular tissue (xylem and phloem); true roots, stems, and leaves; sporophyte is dominant stage of life cycle
xylem = dead cells that bring up water from roots phloem = live cells that bring sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant |
vascular, true..., gam or spore?
live or dead? food or water? |
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What are seeds?
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embryonic plant and its food source packaged inside a protective coat
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embryo
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What is pollen?
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male gametophyte that will produce sperm cells when landing on an appropriate location (pollination)
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male gam or spore?
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What is a gymnosperm?
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seeds are not enclosed in a fruit
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fruit?
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What is an angiosperm?
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flowers (structures specialized for sexual reprodction) and fruit (contains seeds - protects and disperses them)
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what we think of as "today's plants"
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What is an endosperm?
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food source for angiosperm seeds; nutritive tissue
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food for who?
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What are general characteristics of animals?
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eukaryotes, multicellular, lack cell walls, heterotrophic, motile at some point
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euky/proky?, uni/multi?, auto/hetero?
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What are the several rounds of cell division of a zygote called?
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cleavage
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slit
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What is a blastula?
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hollow ball of cells
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...ball...
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What is the blastocoel?
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inner cavity of the blastula
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blastula
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What is gastrulation?
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embryo rearrangement that results in invagination of cells of the blastula into the blastocoel; results in the digestive cavity
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digestive
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What is the blastopore?
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opening that cells migrate inward
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open
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What are the interior tissues?
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endoderm - digestive system, internal organs
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endo...
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What the exterior tissues?
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ectoderm - skin and nervous tissue
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ecto...
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What is a larvae?
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sexually immature form
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little baby
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What is radial symmetry?
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two equal halves in any direction
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pie
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What is bilateral symmetry?
dorsal? ventral? anterior? posterior? |
can only slice in one direction to get mirror images
d = back v = belly a = head p = tail |
dolphin
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What do diploblastic animals have?
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only endoderm and ectoderm
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two
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What do triploblastic animals have?
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endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm
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three
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What is mesoderm?
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muscle
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movement
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What is a body cavity and in what animals is it found in?
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fluid filled space that separates the digestive tract from the outer wall of the body; only in triploblastic
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fluid
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What are the three different body cavity types?
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acoelomates - no body cavity; pseudocoelomates - cavity forms from blastocoel and it is only partially surrounded by mesoderm;
coelomates - true body cavity, totally lined by mesoderm |
none, partial, true
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What becomes the mouth in protostomes?
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blastopore
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What becomes the mouth in deuterostomes?
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second opening; blastopore becomes the anus
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Porifera?
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no true tissues or symmetry; sedetary; reside in water; suspension filter feeders
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What is the cavity of a sponge that water enters into?
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spongocoel
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What does water from a sponge leave through?
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osculum - opening at top of spongocoel
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What are choanocytes and what do they do?
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collar cells - take in food particles and diges them, move water
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What are amoebacytes and what do they do?
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interior of sponge - secrete proteins
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How do sponges reproduce?
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asexually - budding;
sexually - hermaphrodites (both male and female) |
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What are Eumetazoans?
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have true tissues
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria?
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radially symmetric; diploblastic; gastrovascular cavity - single opening that is both mouth and anus; carnivorous
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What are the stinging cells of Cnidaria and the harpoon-like structure?
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cnidocytes; netocyst
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes?
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bilateral symmetry; have organs; no circulatory system; hermaphroditic; can asexually produce as well by splitting in half
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Some Phylum Platyhelminthes are free-living. What are they?
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Dugesia - in marine and freshwater, excretory system, gv cavity, 2 longitudinal nerve cords;
parasitic - tapeworms and flukes |
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Nematode?
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unsegmented; in soil; covered by cuticle - molt and grow as englarge; no circulatory system
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What is ecdysis?
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molting
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What are three basic body parts of Phylum Mollusca?
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foot - muscular component for movement;
visceral mass - all internal organs; mantle - covers and protects visceral mass |
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What are three classes of Phylum Mollusca?
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Gastropod, Bivalvia, Cephalapoda
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What is a radula? and what Class is it in?
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tongue with teeth; Gastropod
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What is torsion? and what Class is it in?
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twisting of visceral mass so mantle is above the head; Gastropod
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What are some characteristics of Class Bivalvia?
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hinged at mid-dorsal lines; no head; sedetary; gills for feeding and exchange
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What are some characteristics of Class Cephalapoda?
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have a well developed nervous system; active predators; octopus and squids
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