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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pathogens |
a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease. |
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toll-like receptors (TLRs) |
a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed in sentinel cells |
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natural killer cells |
a lymphocyte able to bind to certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without the stimulation of antigens, and kill them by the insertion of granules containing perforin. |
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mast cells |
cellular bags of granules located in the loose connective tissues close to blood vessels |
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histamine |
A biogenic amine |
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cytokines |
Group of proteins produced by different cell types that mediate and regulate innate and adaptive immunity |
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antigens |
a substance capable of provoking an immune response when introduced into an immunocompetent hose to whom it is foreign |
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epitope |
sites within or on antigen that stimulate immune responseresponse is also direct against |
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antibody/immunoglobulin |
glycoproteins naturally produced in response to invading foreign particles (antigens) such as microorganisms and viruses. As such, they play a critical role in the immune system’s defense against infection and disease. |
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Antigen presentation |
is a process in the body's immune system by which macrophages, dendritic cells and other cell types capture antigens, then enable their recognition by T-cells. |
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major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility. |
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Clonal selection theory |
is a scientific theory in immunology that explains the functions of cells (lymphocytes) of the immune system in response to specific antigens invading the body. |
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active immunity |
the immunity that results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen. |
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passive immunity |
the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal. |
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allergies |
a damaging immune response by the body to a substance, especially pollen, fur, a particular food, or dust, to which it has become hypersensitive |
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Barrier defenses
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are part of the body's most basic defense mechanisms. they are not responses to infections, but they are continuously working to protect against a broad range of pathogens. |
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cellular innate defenses |
an important subsystem of the overallimmune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms. |
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the function of interferon proteins |
are named for their ability to "interfere" with viral replication by protecting cells from virus infections. |
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What is the complement system? |
a part of the immunesystem that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation, and attacks membrane. |
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The inflammatory response |
occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The damaged cells release chemicals.These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling. |
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What 2 types of white blood cells does the adaptive response rely upon? |
- lymphocytes that mature in the thymus (above the heart)- T cells -lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow- B cells |
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Where are antigen receptors found?
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b and t cells |
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How do B-cell receptors and antibodies differ? |
They are identical except that a B-cell receptor has a transmembrane domain that allows it to be located in the B-cell plasma membrane. |
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What are the 4 major characteristics of the adaptive immune system? |
host defenses against spefic pathogens obtained through the production of specific antibodies and T cells Slower responsespecific regognition of a microbeacquires a memory response includes lymphoctes T cells and b cells |
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two types of clones |
"reproductive cloning" and "therapeutic cloning |
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primary immune response |
During this time, selected B and T cells give rise totheir effector forms
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secondary immune response |
memory cellsfacilitate a faster, more efficient response
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Two Branches of Adaptive Immunity |
- Humoral - Cell Mediated |
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Humoral Branch of Adaptive Immunity |
Defends against extracellular pathogens |
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Cell Mediated Branch of Adaptive Immunity |
Defends against intracellular pathogens |
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What are the 4 ways in which antibodies mark pathogens for destruction |
they mark pathogens for destruction by phagocytic cells in a process known as opsonization, they coat key sites on pathogens necessary for infection, and they induce the complement cascade to occur against antibody-bound pathogens. |
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How do immunizations generate active immunity? |
introduction of antigens into the body |
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how is passive immunity conferred |
when IgG (immunoglobulin class G)crosses the placenta from mother to fetus or when IgA passesfrom mother to infant in breast milk |
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What is anaphylactic shock? |
an extreme, often life-threatening allergic reaction to an antigen to which the body has become hypersensitive. |
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autoimmune disease |
The breakdown in self tolerance leading to cellular/antibody responses to body components and type 1 diabetes |
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Inborn immunodeficiency |
-A type of immunodeficiency where one is born with it -Genetic defect |
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Acquired immunodeficiency |
A type of immunodeficiency where it infects and enters the body |
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How does the human influenza virus thwart the immune system? |
mutates rapidly, and new fluvaccines must be made each year |
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What is latency and under what conditions does it end? |
Some viruses may remain in a host in an inactivestate until conditions arise that arefavorable for viral transmission or unfavorable forhost survival |
