Bio Exam 2

Front 1

Biodiversity has 3 levels:

Back 1

Ecological(Ecosystem) diversity, Spp diversity, and Genetic diversity

Front 2

Ecological (Ecosystem) diveristy

Back 2

diversity of communities
Ex: Prairies, Oak Savanna, Forest

Front 3

Spp Diversity

Back 3

# different spp

(Spp=species)

Front 4

Genetics diversity

Back 4

variety genes within sp

Front 5

Secondary compound

Back 5

chemical Used to defend against herbivors

Front 6

Watershed

Back 6

land area that drains into aquatic ecosystem

Front 7

Extinction

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Elimination of every member/individual of a soecies

Front 8

Mass Extinction

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=

Front 9

Species

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Singular (Sp) and plural (spp)

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Background extinction rate

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.0001-.00001% per year
based on marine mamals

Front 11

Endangered Sp

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Sp with so few survivors that could become extinct over all/most of range

Front 12

Threatened Species

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SP still abundant, but declining and likely to become endangered

Front 13

Restoration Ecology

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Alter site to establish defied, indigenous, historic ecosystem

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Major Anthropogentic Sources of Habitat Loss, Degradation

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1. Agricuiltural
2. Extraction (mining, logging, etc)
3. Development activities

Front 15

Midewin National Tallgrass Prarie (1996)

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Former WWII munitions facility (joliet Arsenal)
1st federally...

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Niche

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Range of living conditions organism require

Front 17

HIPPO

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Habitat destruction, invasive spp, pollution, pop(human), overexploitation

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Habitat Loss

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= #1 cause of extinction

- Destruction, degradation, fragmentation

Front 19

Competitive exclusion principle

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no 2 spp can occupy exact same niche
10% rule- only 10% of alien spp become invasive. Those 10% cause BIG problems
-in home country=not invasive

Front 20

Asian Carp

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An invasive species.
IS are the 2nd biggest reason for biodiversity loss in the USA. (diversity of life on earth)

Front 21

Emerald Ash Borer

Back 21

Beetle introduced and is a current invasive spp

Front 22

Commercial hunting

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Killed for profit from sale of body parts

Front 23

Endangered Species Act (ESA -1973)

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by Nixon, federal protection to spp, habitat
highly political issue
*pg 235-243

Front 24

Biome

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Terrestrial ecosystem classification based on dominant vegitation type

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Biomes=climax communities

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stable last stage of succession

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Primary Succession

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Occurs where no plants have previously existed

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Secondary Succession

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Occurs where plants have previously existed

Front 28

1st law of thermodynamics

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energy converted from 2 form into another form, but neither created nor destroyed

Front 29

Fossil Fuel

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Current energy Paradigm. Types:
Coal, Oil, Natural Gas

Front 30

Fossil FUel is...

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Derived from once living organisms.
Organisms buried in sediment
-subjected to high pressures/temps

Front 31

Petroleum Oil

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from Algae/plankton beds that existed millions of years ago

Front 32

Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)

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drill well, pump water and proprietary chemicals to fracture shale, releasing oil

Front 33

Shale Oil

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oil deposits connected to shale-->rock

Front 34

Petroleum products

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Gas, heating oil, diesel, asphalt, etc.

Front 35

Petrochemicals

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luctative.
adhesive, carpeting, cosemetics, fertilizers, plants, rubber, fabrics, plastics

Front 36

Oil shale and tar sands

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Sand, h20, and bitumen (black, viscous oil)

Front 37

Viscous

Back 37

no idea

Front 38

Canadas oil sands=

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2nd largest oil resource

Front 39

Natural Gas

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Methan and propane and butane
Associated with oil, coal deposits\
-algea, plankton beds

Front 40

Hydraulic Fracturin (fracking)

Back 40

Shale gas (23% of us production)
its a problem
*know process

Front 41

Fossilized plant material

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coal formed in stages
peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite

Front 42

Bituminous coal

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Most abundant in US (about 90%) but has most sulfur

Front 43

Underground mining

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60% global

Front 44

Surface mining

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strip mining, remove overburden (material on top) to extract vein of coal

Front 45

Acid Mine Drainage

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O2 H20, bacteria make sulfuric acid.

Front 46

Nucleus

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contains protons (+) and Neutrons(0)

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Isotopes

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Atoms of same elements with diff #s of neutrons
Some isotopes are radioactive (unstable nuclei)

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Radioactive

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Unstable Nuclei
Spontaneously decomposes, release energy as radiation

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Alpha Radiation

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Particle of 2 neutrons, 2 protons

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Beta Radiation

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Electrons

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Gamma Radiation

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Electromagnetic Radiation

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Nuclear Fission

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Splitting atoms that releases energy and nutrons

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Nuclear Chain reaction

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Happens when released neutrons strike other nuclei

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U-235

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Isotope used to fuel nuclear fission reactors

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Control Rods

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raise/lower rate of reaction.
Absorbs neutrons and control fission rate

Front 56

Moderator

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Substance that slows neutrons.

Can split nuclei more effectively

Front 57

Fission Nuclear Reactor

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lots of energy
Breeder reactors, (plutonium) fusion
not used in US; not yet feasible

Front 58

Pros of Nuclear ENergy

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Produces no greenhouse gas, less mining than coal, low transportation costs*, concentrated energy

Front 59

Cons of Nuclear Energy

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how to dispose of waste, $$,meltdown
Reactor safety, "rapid dis-assembly" in NRC jargen

Front 60

3 mile island (1979)

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mechanical failure, partial core meltdown

Front 61

Chernobyl (1986)

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core meltdown via operator error

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Radioactive Waste Disposal

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waste from mining, processing, spent fuel, contaminated reactor parts

Front 63

Future US plan??

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store in deep underground site @ Yucca mountain, NV
Store at perpetuity
fault lines near that were deleted
not enough space to store waste

Front 64

Decommissioning old nuclear plants

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lasts 30-40 yrs, then too contaminated

Front 65

Biofuel

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Fuels derived from recently produced biomass usually from plant materials
ex: pig waste, corn, grass

Front 66

Traditional Ethanol via corn

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uses about 3 gal. of water for 1 gallon of ethanol. 3:1 ratio.
Via non- irrigated corn
ADM indecator= but eth.

Front 67

corn stover

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corn stalks, residue

Front 68

Cellulosic ethanol

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via wood chips, corn stover, straw, frame plants, sugar, and etc...
about 45% cellulose energy converted into alchohol

Front 69

1 Acre of ____ produces _____ gallons of ________ per year

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corn-300 ethanol
soybeans-60 bio diesel
algeae-5,000 ethanol

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Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS)

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requires renewable fuel to be blended into transportation fuel in increasing amounts

Front 71

Federal crop insureance

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covers 60% of premium costs
makes country more dependent on corn

Front 72

CRP or Conservation Reserve Program

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Farmers are paid to convert highly erotable land to vegitative cover
more land being farmed
high corn prices and more land takin out of CRP