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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which macromolecules are the largest and most complex in living organisms?
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What are some roles of proteins in organisms?
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What are the two kinds of “transport” with which proteins help molecules get across cellular membranes?
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Are all hormones proteins? Are all enzymes proteins?
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Which of the following has about 50% protein? Eggs, meat, cassava, milk or legume seeds?
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What makes bread rise? (Multiple answers)
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What is gluten?
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What is the number one food crop in the world? Number two?
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Plants generally are a good source of protein. True or False?
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What commercial product is made from the outside layers of wheat seeds?
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Which part of seeds has the highest percent protein?
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What is the name of the protein malnutrition “disease” in humans?
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What determines what a protein can actually do?
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How many different amino acids are there?
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What are the four parts of an amino acid? Which part is most important in determining protein function?
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What is the name of the bond that joins the amino acids together in a specific protein?
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Of the four parts of an amino acid, which one varies (and gives proteins their shapes)?
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What are the four major levels of protein structure?
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The shape of proteins of secondary structure may be flat or ________.
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Protein shapes are maintained primarily by _______ bonding when hydrogen and oxygen share electrons.
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Hemoglobin is an example of which level of protein structure.
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Hair, feathers and hooves are made up of a protein called ________.
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The most common protein in animals is ________, because skin, bones and cartilage are made of it.
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Protein shape is what governs what a protein can do; but what causes proteins to be different shapes?
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With proteins, does “form follow function?”
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Insulin is a protein. Why does glucose build up in the blood of people who don't produce enough insulin?
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What is the name of the “bad” protein produced by fat cells and which blocks the action of insulin?
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Can humans change some amino acids to others? How many amino acids are considered “essential” for adult humans?
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What is a gene?
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Chromatin is a combination of DNA wound around some ___________ molecules.
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Besides passing along hereditary trains, what else do genes do?
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Where are genes found? (Does it matter whether one is talking about eukaryotes or prokaryotes?)
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Does normal DNA have only one strand of nucleotides or two?
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Does normal RNA have one or two strands?
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What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
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With DNA, only the _____ of nucleotides are different?
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When nucleotide bases pair up, which bases can link together?
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There are about _____ billion DNA units in the human genome. Humans are identical in about ____ % of their DNA.
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What explains why males of most species fight to mate with females, but females usually don't fight over males?
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What happens during meiosis that helps increase genetic diversity among organisms?
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During meiosis, how many sperm are produced by animals from each male sex cell? How many eggs are produced from each female sex cell?
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The codes for amino acids always occur in sets of how many bases? _____
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** The unifying genetic principle among all organisms in the world is that the triplet codes for ______ are the same for all living organisms.
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What three kinds of RNA are necessary to carry out protein synthesis?
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Protein synthesis occurs in two steps. One is transcription and the other is _______________.
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Where is RNA actually produced? (Careful!!)
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What is the “energy molecule” of life?
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Which nucleotide forms the base of the ATP molecule?
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Where is most of the energy stored in the ATP molecule?
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When chromosomes reproduce during cell division, what enzyme copies the DNA strands?
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During the transcription part of protein synthesis, what enzyme copies the gene to form mRNA?
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What is a “codon?”
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The order of base pairs in DNA dictates the order of _____ in a protein.
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The order of _____ in a protein determines the protein’s _____, which controls what the protein can do.
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. In what part of all cells does the translation part of protein synthesis occur?
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Does RNA contain the nucleotide base, Thymine?
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What base does RNA have that DNA doesn't?
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In protein synthesis, the code (now called a “codon”) for the new protein is carried on _ -RNA. What type of RNA hooks up with a ribosome to form the protein factory? _______ What type of RNA brings amino acids to the “factory?” _______
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What is an “anticodon,” and where is it found?
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What is the mRNA codon for the amino acid specified by CGC on a gene? What about ATG?
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What can the codon “AUG” do, and why is methionine the first amino acid in proteins when first formed?
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What is a “mutation?”
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What are 3 ways by which a gene mutation may occur?
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Will all future generations of a mutated gene carry the mutation?
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When genetic engineers isolate a single gene to put into a different organism, what are two ways they may duplicate the gene to get millions of copies?
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Other than ethical questions, why is genetic engineering not a simple answer to solving food problems in LDCs?
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Why do societies discourage mating between closely related individuals?
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In nature, when plants continually inbreed, what happens to yield? Disease resistance? Insect resistance, etc.?
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For what is Professor William Beal most noted?
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How many inbred parents are involved in a single-cross maize (corn) hybrid?
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Is maize (corn) cross pollinated or self-pollinated?
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Gregor Mendel was a religious monk by profession. What profession did he choose within the life of a monk?
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For what is Gregor Mendel most noted?
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The genes for the same trait on a pair of homologous chromosomes are called _______.
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What is the difference between complete dominance, partial dominance and codominance?
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What kind of dominance is exhibited if a white horse is crossed with a black horse and all of the offspring are gray? All are black?
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Hybrid crops often produce growth and yields far greater than either of their inbred parents. The technical name for this “hybrid vigor” is _______.
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If inbred line BB is crossed with DD, what will be the genotype of the hybrid resulting from this cross?
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Will hybrid seeds produce hybrid seeds? (Careful!!)
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If hybrid crops produce higher yields than inbred lines do, why don’t we grow hybrid seeds of all crops?
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Why don’t developing countries grow more hybrid crops?
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What does the proposed “terminator” gene do? (May not cover this Spring 2011.)
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Do all cells of an organism have identical chromosomes?
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During cell differentiation in an embryo, why don’t all cells become the same organs?
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Do we use all of our genes? About what percent DO we use?
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Why does protein synthesis stop when we get enough in our systems?
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Which type of organisms have to transcribe their genes more rapidly, single-celled or multi-celled? WHY?
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Under optimum circumstances, cells can live indefinitely. True or False?
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What stops genes from making proteins?
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Why do we age?
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Your body is programmed with a certain number of cell divisions. When does your “biological clock” start?
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Regulator (Master) genes come in two types. What are they?
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What is an example of a “promotion” hormone discussed in class?
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Why do plant seeds store up millions of mRNA transcripts?
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Do normal people have proto-oncogenes?
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Do most people have oncogenes?
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What is the protein that is released inside a cell when something goes wrong?
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What is the natural destruction of cell called? __________
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What happens to the production of p53 as we age?
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What are two common types of tumors? Which is bad?
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What do “Bt” crops contain that normal crops do not?
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Why is Agrobacterium tumefaciens used by molecular biologists?
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Is A.t. used to insert genes into animals?
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What “organism” is used to insert genes into animals? Careful, careful, careful!!!!
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Does the U.S. Food and Drug Administration feel that meat from cloned animals is safe?
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What event started the biotechnology revolution in the 1950s?
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What are the two big advantages of genetic engineering over traditional plant and animal breeding?
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Are there any potentially dangerous aspects of genetic engineering?
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Only a few human diseases are caused by single gene mutations. True or False?
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An example of “eugenics” in humans is selecting parents specifically to improve intelligence (or other desired traits) in the offspring. Should this be permitted?
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Can a mother’s diet influence expression of genes in offspring?
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What is “epigenetics?”
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In animals in nature, is monogamy the “rule” or the “exception?” Why is this likely the case?
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Why are some plants only cross-pollinated (that is, they can’t pollinate themselves)?
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If “nondisjunction” of chromosomes occurs during meiosis, how will gametes be affected?
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How does a woman's age affect the chances that she will give birth to a child with Down syndrome?
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Does Klinefelter’s disease occur in men or women? What causes the “disease?”
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What is missing in the nucleus of an embryo (or adult if the fetus develops that far) of someone with Turner syndrome? Do men have Turner syndrome? Are affected individuals fertile?
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What were the four documented areas where the “Neolithic revolution” occurred?
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What is the difference between “tame” and “domesticated?”
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