Bio: Exam 1 (Ch.1-4)

Front 1

uses of biology?

Back 1

1. genetics (molecular, cancer, diabetes)
2. agriculture (organic)
3. environment (fertilizers)
4. medicine

Front 2

Hierarchy of cells/organisms?

Back 2

1. molecules
2. cells
3. tissue
4. organs
5. organ systems
6. organism

Front 3

LIFE (3 components)

Back 3

genetic unit capable of undergoing evolution, metabolism, and reproduction

Front 4

EVOLUTION (causes?)

Back 4

any change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over time

caused by genetic mutation, changing environments, etc

Front 5

ADAPTATIONS

Back 5

differences among living things that allow them to live in different environments

Front 6

METABOLISM (use?)

Back 6

the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the body/organism

(maintains homeostasis)

Front 7

HOMEOSTASIS

Back 7

maintaining a constant internal environment even though outside environment is constantly changing

Front 8

REPRODUCTION

Back 8

producing offspring

Front 9

Darwin and Wallace

Back 9

theory of evolution by natural selection (1858)

Front 10

THEORY OF EVOLUTION (2 proposals?)

Back 10

1. reproductive rates of all organisms are high & populations would be enormous if mortality rates did not balance the reproductive rates
2. By natural selection, differences/variations among individuals influence how well these individuals survive & reproduce in changing environments

Front 11

uses of biology?

Back 11

1. genetics (molecular, cancer, diabetes)
2. agriculture (organic)
3. environment (fertilizers)
4. medicine

Front 12

Hierarchy of cells/organisms?

Back 12

1. molecules
2. cells
3. tissue
4. organs
5. organ systems
6. organism

Front 13

LIFE (3 components)

Back 13

genetic unit capable of undergoing evolution, metabolism, and reproduction

Front 14

EVOLUTION (causes?)

Back 14

any change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over time

caused by genetic mutation, changing environments, etc

Front 15

ADAPTATIONS

Back 15

differences among living things that allow them to live in different environments

Front 16

METABOLISM (use?)

Back 16

the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the body/organism

(maintains homeostasis)

Front 17

HOMEOSTASIS

Back 17

maintaining a constant internal environment even though outside environment is constantly changing

Front 18

REPRODUCTION

Back 18

producing offspring

Front 19

Darwin and Wallace

Back 19

theory of evolution by natural selection (1858)

Front 20

THEORY OF EVOLUTION (2 proposals?)

Back 20

1. reproductive rates of all organisms are high & populations would be enormous if mortality rates did not balance the reproductive rates
2. By natural selection, differences/variations among individuals influence how well these individuals survive & reproduce in changing environments

Front 21

NATURAL SELECTION (occurs?)

Back 21

occurs when a trait increases an individuals ability to survive and reproduce and pass on that trait to the next generation

Front 22

ADAPTATION

Back 22

when natural selection occurs, going to select traits that are more advantagious

Front 23

CHEMICAL EVOLUTION

Back 23

4 billion years ago

began in ocean

Molecules/chemicals capable of reproducing themselves = macromolecules.

DNA/RNA in vesicle = prokaryotic cells (bacteria)

Front 24

building blocks of life

Back 24

DNA/RNA

Front 25

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Back 25

2.5 billion years ago

ability to capture energy from sunlight, produce food

byproduct = oxygen & ozone

Front 26

AEROBIC

Back 26

rely/require oxygen

Front 27

ANAEROBIC

Back 27

does not require oxygen

Front 28

oxone layer (formed?)

Back 28

800 million years ago

allowed life to move to land

Front 29

Eukaryotic life (how it evolved?)

Back 29

1.5 billion years ago

More complex, contained nucleus & organelles

Evolved by large prokaryotic cells engulfing smaller prokaryotic cells

Front 30

organelles with own DNA & mitochondria?

Back 30

chloroplast & mitochondria

Front 31

Multicellular (how?)

Back 31

1. Cells had to become adhered/attached

2. Cells had to work in a coordinated manner (specialization)

Front 32

REPRODUCTION (2 types)

Back 32

initially asexual.

ASEXUAL: no genetic variation, identical clone of parent

SEXUAL: reshuffeling of genetic material, creates genetic variation

Front 33

matter is composed of...

Back 33

atoms (smallest form)

atom - proton & electron

Front 34

ELEMENT (periodic table)

Back 34

the purest form of matter, contains all of the same atoms

L to R: atomic number
columns: similarity in properties

Front 35

human body composed of (98%)...

Back 35

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur

Front 36

Key component of bonding

Back 36

electron

Front 37

ISOTOPE

Back 37

an atom of the same element that has a different weight, but the number of protons is always the same (neutrons differ)

exist in very small amounts, but are very useful

isotope = heavy element

Front 38

RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES (uses?)

Back 38

emit energy

1. carbon dating
2. medical imaging
3. cancer treatment

Front 39

MOLECULE

Back 39

2 + atoms bonded together

Front 40

COMPOUND

Back 40

molecule made up of more than one type of atom

Front 41

ELECTRONEGATIVE

Back 41

the more electronegativity that an atom has, the more attracted the electrons are to that atom

Front 42

POLAR

Back 42

a molecule that has a charge (water)

hydrophilic

Front 43

HYDROGEN BOND

Back 43

a very weak bond that occurs between polar molecules

occurs because a portion of one molecule that is negative has a weak attraction to the positive portion of another molecule

extremely important
found in DNA (gives structure) & protein

Front 44

IONIC BOND

Back 44

involves the complete transfer of electron from one atom to another

occurs because of electrical attraction between electrons

Front 45

COVALENT

Back 45

sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms

Front 46

HYDROPHILIC

Back 46

likes water

ex. sugars

Front 47

HYDROPHOBIC

Back 47

afraid of water

ex. fats, oils

Front 48

NON POLAR

Back 48

not charged

hydrophobic

Front 49

ATP

Back 49

adenosine triphosphate

energy molecule (energy/power released when phosphate bond is broken)

Front 50

CALORIES

Back 50

measure energy

measurement of heat

amount of heat require to raise the temp of one gram pure water 1C

Front 51

universal solvent

Back 51

water

Front 52

why is ice less dense than water?

Back 52

4 hydrogen bonds can form between molecules in water. the space between the hydrogen bonds expands as water freezes.

Front 53

4 important components of water

Back 53

1. density
2. specific heat
3. heat/energy require to change from liquid to gas state
4. cohesive properties (ability to bind to itself)

Front 54

TRANSPIRATION

Back 54

water is attracted to itself, allows water to disperse

(trees)

Front 55

SOLUTE

Back 55

what is being dissolved

Front 56

SOLVENT

Back 56

what the solute is being dissolved in

Front 57

QUALITATIVE

Back 57

what.

substance which is dissolved & the reaction that occures

Front 58

QUANTITATIVE

Back 58

amount.

measure of amount of substance and the solvent

Front 59

BUFFER

Back 59

compensates for change in pH

a mixture of a weak acid and corresponding base

Front 60

functional groups

Back 60

acid - carboxyl (COOH)

base - amine (NH2)

Front 61

MACROMOLECULES (four)

Back 61

Polymer put together by linking monomers (covalently bonded)

1. proteins - amino acids
2. carbohydrates - sugars
3. lipids - fats
4. nucleic acid - DNA, RNA, ATP

made the sam way in all organisms & are present in similar proprtions

Front 62

links monomers to form polymers?

Back 62

condensation (H20 formed)

Front 63

breaks polymers to form monomers?

Back 63

hydrolysis (H20 used)

Front 64

use of macromolecules

Back 64

1. energy storage
2. structural support
3. transport
4. defense and protection
5. regulating metabolic pathways
6. growth & development
7. hereditary - DNA

Front 65

PEPTIDE BOND

Back 65

links amino acids together

Front 66

monomer of protein?

Back 66

amino acid

Front 67

simplest amino acid

Back 67

glucine

Front 68

R group

Back 68

gives amino acid characteristics

differs among all amino acids

Front 69

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

Back 69

simplest straight line of amino acids

Front 70

SECONDARY STRUCTURE

Back 70

involves repeated patterns in different regions in a polypeptide chain (alpha helix, B pleated sheet)

Front 71

ALPHA HELIX

Back 71

fibrous proteins (structural)

hair, feathers, nails, etc

Front 72

BETA PLEATED SHEET

Back 72

found in spider silk

not as strong as alpha helix

Front 73

TERTIARY STRUCTURE (result from?)

Back 73

3D shape of a complete polypeptide dependent on multiple bonds and interactions

1. interactions between R groups (disulfide bonds)
2. Nature & location of secondary structures
3. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
4. Ionic interactions due to charges