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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the nucleus, and what does it do?
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A membrane enclosed organelle which containes DNA. It is the operation center of the cell, the brain. It houses the chromosomes and also the nucleolus.
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What is the nucleolus and what does it do?
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located at the center of the nucleus. It produces the component part of ribosomes.
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What is the nuclear membrane and what does it do?
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a double layer membrane surrounding the nucleus. Pores in the membrane allow passage of materials.
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What is the plasma membrane and what does it do?
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A thin membrane surrounding the entire cell which regulates the passage or molecules.it is a phospolipid bilayer which likes water on the outside and doesn't like water on the inside. it is selectively permeable meaning it allows some stuff in but not all. contains proteins which serve many function
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What is mitochondria and what does it do?
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An organelle for cellular respiration. It takes food and makes it into energy in the form of ATP. Almost ever cell has these.
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What is rough ER and what does it do?
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A membraneous labyrinth of tube and sacs running through the cell. An extension of the nuclear membrane, filled with ribosomes which is responsible for producing two types of protiens. Secretory, and membrane.
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What is the smooth ER and what does it do?
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lacks ribosomes. enzymes built into the membrane allow it to do many functions such as filter drugs.
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What is a vesicle and what does it do?
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Membranes which bud from the ER and Golgi and transport material to other parts of the cell or outside the cell by binding with the wall.
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What is a Golgi body and what does it do?
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an organelle which refines, stores and ships chemical productions.works with the ER. One side recieves, and one side distributes. Enzymes in the membrane modify the chemicals for their final destination. Vesicles transport the material. Sugars are produced and added to the proteins and lipids. this is the site of the final folding of proteins. stores secreted material.
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What are chloroplasts and what do they do?
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Unique to the photosynthesis cells of plants are organelles which do photosynthesis. Light energy to chemical energy.
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What is a cell wall and what does it do?
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A supportive rigid structure which surounds the plasma membrane and helps provide structure, it prevents the up take of too much water, supports the plant against the force of gravity.
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What is the central vacuole and what does it do?
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Found in plant cells, which accounts for more than half of the volume of the cell. Serves as storage, and helps with structure.
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What is the cytoskeleton and what does it do?
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A skeleton running throughout the entire cell. functions are: maintain cell shape, connect cells to each other, transportation, provide cell motility, move chromosomes, compose cilia.
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All cells contain:
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a plasma membrane, cytosol,DNA, ribosomes
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What is a lysosomes and what does it do?
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Absent from most plant cells, a membrane enclosed sac filled with digestive enzymes.
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How is the plasma membrane constructed and how does it work?
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A phopholipid bilayer. The phospo part makes up the outside of the membrane and is hydrophilic (meaning it likes water. The inside is made up of lipids and is hydrophobic. There are membrane protiens in the plasma membrane which have particular function. They transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, intercellular joining, cell-cell recognition, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix.
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What is the basic equation for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
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why cells do respiration?
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to make food into energy so they can perform the many tasks cells require
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What kinds of cells do respiration?
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almost all eukaryotic cells do this
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Where in the cell does respiration occur?
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There may be one very large mitochondrion or hundreds to thousands in individual mitochondria.
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What is the basic equation of photosynthesis?
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6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Why is photosynthesis necessary?
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cells use light energy to make organic molecules. to work they need outside sources of energy.
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Where in the cell does photosynthesis occur?
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occurs in chloroplasts, found in plants and eukaryotic algae
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Lamarck's contribution to how species change
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noticed species he saw were part of a line of decent through fossil study, chronological series from older to younger.
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what was Lamarck wrong about
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acquired characteristics cannot be inherited.
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Basic principles of natural selection.
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differential success in reproduction by different phenotypes resulting from interactions with the environment. evolution occurs when natural selection produces changes in the relative frequencies of alleles in a populations gene pool.,
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Observation 1
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All species have such great potential fertility that their population size would increase exponentially if all individuals that are born reproduced successfully.
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Observation 2
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Populations tend to remain stable in size
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Observation 3
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Environmental resources are limited.
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Inference 1
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Production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence among the individuals of a population, with only a fraction of the offspring surviving
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Observation 4
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Individuals of a population vary extensively in their characteristics; no two individuals are exactly alike.
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Observation 5
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Much of this variation is heritable.
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Inference 2
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Survival in the struggle for existence is not random, but depends in part on the hereditary constitution of the individuals.
Those individuals whose inherited characteristics best fit them to their environment are likely to leave more offspring than fit in less dividuals. |
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Inference 3
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This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to a gradual change in a population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over the generations.
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homologous structure
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similar in structure, position, and origin but not necessarily function.
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gene flow
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reduces differences between populations
is genetic exchange due to migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations. This reduces differences between populations (makes them more similar) |
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Bottleneck
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Populations that have suffered this have lost at least some alleles from the gene pool.
This reduces individual variation and adaptability. |
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genetic drift
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occurs when changes in gene frequencies occur because of chance events (sampling errors) that occur when populations are finite in size.
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macroevolution
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the origin of new taxonomic groups (new species, new genera, new families, new kingdoms)
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microevolution
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the change in relative proportions of certain alleles (gene types) in a population over a succession of generations.
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allopatric speciation
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geographic separation
of populations restricts
gene flow.
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Importance of variation in a population
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the more of it the better chances the population has for survival.
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importance of mutation to evolution
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Over the long term, is a very important to evolution because it is the original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for natural
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Steps to scientific method
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A formal process of inquiry
Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Test |
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independent variable
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does not depend on anything
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dependent variable
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depends on the independent variable
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control
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The same object as being tested in the experiment, but its not tested, its left completely alone. It controls the experiment by giving a foundation for the test
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cell theroy
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All living things are made of cells
Cells come from other cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. |
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cell theroy
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All living things are made of cells
Cells come from other cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. |
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prokaryotic cell
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smaller (1/10th the size), lack membrane bound organelles, bacteria and archaea
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eukaryotic cell
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much larger and more complex, contain membrane vound organelles, are more efficient, protests, plants, animals, fungi.
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Electron microscope
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cannot see living things, but can reach a very high resolving power. They use electrons instead of light to resolve the objects.
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Light microscope
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can magnify living things, but not nearly to the extent electron microscopes can.
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what constitutes a living thing?
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All living things have order (organization)
regulation (big ears for body temperature (he internal environment of an organism) growth and development (genes which determine how the species grows and develops) energy utilization (taking in energy and transforming it to use) response to the environment (environmental stimuli) reproduction evolution- change over time (camouflage) |
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abiotic
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non living things
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biotic
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living things
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primary producer
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the lowest level of the food chain.. usually plants
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consumer (primary, secondary, tertiary)
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eats the producer, eats the carnivore which eats the producer etc.
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carrying capacity
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the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation.
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dominant species
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are those in a community that have the highest abundance or highest biomass
If we remove a dominant species from a community, it can change the entire community structure. |
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keystone species
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exert a
regulating effect on other species in a community: if removed, entire community changes
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source habitat
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Is one of good quality where a subpopulation’s reproductive success exceeds it death rate.
Can produce enough individuals that some disperse to other areas. |
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sink habitat
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Is one of poor quality where the subpopulation’s death rate exceeds its reproductive success.
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organismal ecology
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Is concerned with evolutionary adaptations that enable individual organisms to meet the challenges posed by their abiotic environments.
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population ecology
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Is concerned with populations, groups of individuals of the same species living in the same area.
Concentrates mainly on factors that affect population density and growth. |
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community ecology
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Is concerned with communities, assemblages of populations of different species.
Focuses on how interactions between species affect community structure and organization. |
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ecosystem ecology
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Is concerned with ecosystems, which include all the abiotic factors in addition to the community of species in a certain area.
Focuses on energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among the various abiotic and biotic factors. |
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ecology
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the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
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clumped dispersion
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dispersion is when individuals aggregate in patches.
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uniform dispersion
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dispersion is when individuals are evenly spaced.
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random dispersion
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the position of each individual is independent of the others.
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Why are food chains limited in the number of trophic levels?
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the effenicy of energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20%. so after about the 5th level of the food chain there is no more energy to transfer
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Where does the lost energy go inbetween trophic levels?
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about half of the energy is lost in feces because not every animal is 100% efficient. of the half left, 2/3rds goes to cellular respiration. the last third is usable.
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What limits primary production?
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water availability, temperature, nutrients
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How does agriculture disrupt chemical cycles?
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Large amounts of nutrients are removed from the ground, making it harder for plants to grow, and therefore animals to live. it moves more chemicals into the area, and takes some out. nirtogen out. water in.
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How does deforestation disrupt chemical cycles?
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The lack of roots in the ground allows for water and nutrients to run off the area and depleting the natural chemical resources. Not to mention in disrupts the carbon cycle.
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What causes global climate change/global warming?
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Chemical cycles are being altered at a fast rate disrupting the earth's ecosystems. Fossil fuels are being burned releasing greenhouse gases into the air.
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Possible consequences of global warming
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Sea level rise, stop the ocean's water flow pattern and send us into an ice age. loss of ice caps. weather patterns become more severe. loss of land because of sea level rise. loss of species.
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why do introduced species become so numerous?
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they have no predators/competition in the new environment
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consequences to over exploitation
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loss/ severe decrease in number or species and therefor variety. extinction?, disrupt cycles by eliminating keystone and dominant species
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What constitutes biodiversity?
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the diversity of ecosystems.
the variety of species that make up the biological community of any ecosystem. the genetic variation within each species. |
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what are the main threats to biodiversity?
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Human alteration of habitat, Human introduction of exotic species, Overexploitation of wildlife
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Approaches to conservation of biodiversity
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conservations zones, laws on endangered animals (endangerd species act), hot spots, corridors connecting protected areas, change human habits of lifestyle to conserve
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endemic species
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Are those found nowhere else.
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nutrient cycles
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Transfer of nutrients between organisms and the physical environment
Nutrients stored in inaccessible reservoirs Forces move nutrients between reservoirs and exchange pools |
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what types of evidence are used to determine evolutionary relationships?
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homologous structures, vestigal structures ( there but not used, tailbone), development (comparison at embryotic stages), DNA
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patterns of population growth
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exponential for a time, but eventually there are limits such as waste accumulation, resource depleation,
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What affects the distribution of species?
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predators, food, water, climate, temperature, resources
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