Bio Exam 1

Front 1

inductive reasoning

Back 1

the process of combining several specific observations, and deriving a general statement that explains them

Front 2

deductive reasoning

Back 2

the process of taking the general statement and predicting a specific outcome through scientific testing (if/then statement)

Front 3

controlled experiment

Back 3

there is only one variable between the experimental group and the control group

Front 4

placebo

Back 4

helps reduce variables between the experimental and control groups

Front 5

correlation

Back 5

relationship between two variables (but is not a cause)

Front 6

prokaryotic cell

Back 6

small and simple with bunched up DNA in the middle of the cell and are found in bacteria

Front 7

eukaryotic cell

Back 7

large and complex with the DNA contained within the nucleus and are found in other living organisms

Front 8

plasma membrane

Back 8

defines the outer boundary of each cell, isolates the cell's contents from the environment, and serves as a semipermeable barrier that determines which nutrients are allowed into and out of the cell

Front 9

phospholipid bilayer

Back 9

tails of the phospholipids interact with themselves and exclude water, while the heads maximize their exposure to the surrounding water both inside and outside of the membrane

Front 10

semipermeable

Back 10

allow some substances to cross and prevent others from crossing

Front 11

cytoplasm

Back 11

includes the cytosol (watery matrix containing water, salts, and many other enzymes required for cellular reactions) and organelles

Front 12

mitochondria

Back 12

help the cells convert food energy into a form usable by cells, called ATP

Front 13

chloroplast

Back 13

use energy from sunlight to make sugars in plant cells

Front 14

lysosome

Back 14

help break down food that is ingested before it is sent to the mitochondria

Front 15

ribosome

Back 15

workbenches where proteins are assembled

Front 16

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 16

membrane where many proteins are assembled

Front 17

golgi apparatus

Back 17

proteins are modified and sorted in this membranous structure

Front 18

centrioles

Back 18

move genetic material around when a cell divides

Front 19

vacuole

Back 19

used to store sugars and pigments

Front 20

mass number

Back 20

the number of protons plus the number of nuetrons of an atom

Front 21

isotope

Back 21

different form of an atom that is varied in mass numbers

Front 22

ion

Back 22

positively or negatively charged atom

Front 23

solution

Back 23

formed when a substance is dissolved in water

Front 24

solvent

Back 24

a liquid, such as water, that a solute is dissolved in

Front 25

solute

Back 25

a substance that is dissolved in a solution

Front 26

4 main types of biological macromolecules

Back 26

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 27

3 types of polysaccharides

Back 27

starch, glycogen, cellulose

Front 28

-ose

Back 28

sugar, or at least a carbohydrate

Front 29

-ase

Back 29

enzymes

Front 30

hydrophilic

Back 30

"water loving"

Front 31

triglycerides

Back 31

fats

Front 32

hydrogenated

Back 32

unsaturated fats are converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

Front 33

catalyst

Back 33

help a reaction take place but are not broken down in the process (ex. vitamins and minerals)

Front 34

valence shell

Back 34

outermost energy shell

Front 35

peptide bond

Back 35

the chemical bond joining adjacent amino acids

Front 36

lipids

Back 36

partially or entirely hydrophobic organic molecules made primarily of hydrocarbons

Front 37

enzyme

Back 37

protein that speeds up chemical reactions (catalyst)

Front 38

substrate

Back 38

molecule that binds with an enzyme

Front 39

active site

Back 39

area of the enzyme where the substrate binds

Front 40

diffusion

Back 40

the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Front 41

isotonic

Back 41

solutions on either side of the membrane are in equilibrium

Front 42

hypertonic

Back 42

solution with higher concentration of solutes (lower concentration of water)

Front 43

hypotonic

Back 43

solution with the lower concentration of solutes (higher concentration of water)

Front 44

osmoregulation

Back 44

control of water balance by cells

Front 45

active transport

Back 45

requires additional energy to move molecules across a membrane

Front 46

alimentary canal

Back 46

digestive tube consisting of several tubes and pockets along with accessory organs that secrete enzymes

Front 47

passive transport

Back 47

substances diffuse across the plasma membrane and does not require an input of energy