Bio Exam 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

Science of body structures and the relationship among those structures.

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

Science of body functions.

Front 3

Developmental Biology

Back 3

Structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg to the adult form

Front 4

What is Embryology

Back 4

Structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero

Front 5

What is Cytology

Back 5

Structural features of cells

Front 6

What is Histology

Back 6

Microscopic structure of tissues

Front 7

What is Gross Anatomy

Back 7

Structures that can be examined without a microscope.

Front 8

What is Surface Anatomy

Back 8

Visualization and palpation of anatomical landmarks on the body surface

Front 9

What is Systemic Anatomy

Back 9

Structures of specific body systems (i.e. digestive).

Front 10

What is Regional Anatomy

Back 10

Structures of specific body regions (i.e. head).

Front 11

What is Pathological Anatomy

Back 11

Structural changes (gross or microscopic) associated with disease.

Front 12

What is Cell Physiology

Back 12

Processes in the cells

Front 13

What is Systemic Physiology

Back 13

Functions of organ systems (i.e. neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology)

Front 14

What is Immunology

Back 14

Study of how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents

Front 15

What is Exercise Physiology

Back 15

Changes in the cell and organ functions (and structures) as a result of muscular activity

Front 16

What is Pathophysiology

Back 16

Functional changes associated with disease and aging

Front 17

What are the 6 Levels of Organization

Back 17

Chemical: Interaction of atoms and molecules Cell: Structural and functional units of living organisms Tissue: Group of similar cells with common functions and the materials surrounding them Organ: One or more tissues functioning together Organ System: Group of organs functioning together Organism: Any living thingOrganization

Hint 17

Condition in which there are specific relationships and functions

Front 18

Metabolism

Back 18

A sum of all of the chemical reactions of the body.

Front 19

Responsiveness

Back 19

Ability to sense changes and adjust.

Front 20

Growth

Back 20

An increase in size and/or number of cells

Front 21

Reproduction

Back 21

New cells or new organisms

Front 22

Development

Back 22

Changes that occur in an organism over time

Front 23

Differentiation

Back 23

Change from general to specific (i.e. child to adult).

Front 24

Morphogenesis

Back 24

Change in shape of tissues and organs (tadpole to frog)

Front 25

Homeostasis

Back 25

The condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment

Front 26

Set point

Back 26

The ideal normal value of a variable (i.e. 98.6 ºF or 37 ºC)

Front 27

Feedback Systems

Back 27

Cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, re-evaluated, etc.

Front 28

What are the 3 Componets of the negative feedback system?

Back 28

Receptor, Control Center, Effector

Front 29

What does the Receptors do in a negative feedback system?

Back 29

Detect a stimulus (something that causes deviation from the set point).

Front 30

What does the Control Center do in a negative feedback system?

Back 30

Determines the set point of a variable

Front 31

What does the Effector do in a negative feedback system?

Back 31

Body structure that can cause a response to the controlled variable.

Front 32

Negative Feedback System

Back 32

Reverses a change in the controlled condition.

Front 33

Positive Feedback System

Back 33

Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions.

Front 34

Matter

Back 34

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Front 35

Mass

Back 35

Amount of matter

Front 36

Weight

Back 36

Gravitational force acting on a given mass

Front 37

Element

Back 37

Simplest matter with unique chemical properties

Front 38

Atom

Back 38

Smallest particle of an element

Front 39

Molecule

Back 39

formed by combining two or more atoms

Front 40

Compound

Back 40

formed by combining two or more different types of atoms

Front 41

Three types of subatomic particles

Back 41

Neutron – no electrical charge Proton – one positive charge Electron – one negative charge

Front 42

Proton and neutron form the

Back 42

nucleus of an atom

Front 43

Electron cloud

Back 43

a region where electrons are mostly likely to be found

Front 44

Isotopes

Back 44

two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons, but different number of neutrons

Front 45

Atomic number

Back 45

number of protons = number of electrons

Front 46

Mass number

Back 46

number of protons + neutrons

Front 47

Atomic mass

Back 47

Average mass of isotopes, measured in Dalton = 1/12 the mass of 12C

Front 48

1 Mole

Back 48

6.022 x 1023 (Avogadro’s number)

Front 49

Molar mass

Back 49

mass of 1 mole of a substance

Front 50

Molecular mass

Back 50

atomic mass of a molecule or compound (e.g. H2O = 18.00)

Front 51

Ions

Back 51

charged particles

Front 52

Cations

Back 52

positively charged

Front 53

Anions

Back 53

negatively charged

Front 54

Ionic bonds

Back 54

cations donate electrons to anions (Na+ → Cl-)

Front 55

Covalent bonds

Back 55

electron sharing

Front 56

Single covalent bond

Back 56

sharing one pair of electrons (e.g. H–H)

Front 57

Double covalent bond

Back 57

sharing two pairs of electrons (O=C=O)

Front 58

Polar covalent bonds

Back 58

unequal electron sharing (e.g. H–Ӧ–H)

Front 59

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Back 59

equal electron sharing (e.g. H–H)

Front 60

Hydrogen bond

Back 60

does not involve in electron transfer or sharing; it is simply an intermolecular force (attraction) from the positively charged hydrogen of one molecule to the negatively charged oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine of another molecule

Front 61

Cohesion (surface tension)

Back 61

The attraction of one water molecule to another water molecule

Front 62

Adhesion

Back 62

The attractive force of water molecule to other types of molecules

Front 63

Functions of water in the body:

Back 63

Stabilizing body temperature Protection (fluid cushion, lubricant, tears) Chemical reactions Mixing medium

Front 64

Solution

Back 64

mixture of uniformly distributed liquids, gases or solids (no clear boundary between solute and solvent)

Front 65

Suspension

Back 65

mixture of materials that separate from each other unless physically blended together (e.g. RBCs suspended in plasma)

Front 66

Dispension

Back 66

mixture of colloid (mostly proteins; intermediate in size between those found in solutions and suspensions) can be mixed such that they remain evenly distributed without settling out (e.g. milk)

Front 67

Solubility

Back 67

ability of substance to dissolve

Front 68

Dissociation

Back 68

separation of ions from one another

Front 69

Ions that dissociate in water are called

Back 69

electrolytes because they can conduct an electric current

Front 70

Osmole

Back 70

Avogadro’s number of particles in one kilogram of a solution

Front 71

Osmolarity

Back 71

concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solutes per liter of solution

Front 72

Acid

Back 72

proton (H+) donor

Front 73

Base

Back 73

proton acceptor; release hydroxide ion (OH-)

Front 74

pH Scale

Back 74

Ranges from 0 to 14 Neutral: pH = 7 Acidic: pH < 7 Basic (alkaline): pH > 7

Front 75

Acidosis

Back 75

pH < 7.35

Front 76

Alkalosis

Back 76

pH > 7.45

Front 77

Buffers

Back 77

prevent large change in pH

Front 78

Inorganic compounds

Back 78

lack carbon-hydrogen bonds (e.g. H2O, CO2, O2)

Front 79

Organic compounds

Back 79

carbon-containing substances, except CO, CO2, HCO3-, etc.

Front 80

Carbon “backbone” covalently binds to

Back 80

other functional groups, containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur

Front 81

Four major groups of organic molecules essential to living organisms are

Back 81

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Front 82

Carbohydrates

Back 82

Structure (forms ATP, DNA and RNA), energy source, bulk (cellulose in feces) Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose)

Front 83

Lipids

Back 83

Protection, insulation (skin, myelin), regulation (steroid hormones), vitamins (A, D, E, K), structure (cell membrane phospholipids and cholesterol), energy

Front 84

Fatty acids

Back 84

unsaturated (cis-double bonds) do not cause CVD; saturated (14- to 18-carbon chain with only single covalent bonds) and trans- fats (chemically altered) cause CVD

Front 85

Triglyceride

Back 85

glycerol + 3 FA’s

Front 86

Phospholipids

Back 86

replace one FA of triglycerides by a molecule containing phosphate and nitrogen

Front 87

Steroids

Back 87

derived from cholesterol

Front 88

Proteins

Back 88

Regulation (enzymes, hormones),

energy,

transport (hemoglobin, plasma proteins),

protection (antibodies),

contraction (actin and myosin),

structure (collagen, keratin)

Amino acids: building blocks

Front 89

Peptide bonds

Back 89

covalent bonds formed between AA’s

Front 90

Nucleic Acids

Back 90

Nucleotide: building block of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Front 91

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Back 91

Adenosine (the sugar ribose with the nitrogenous base adenine) and three phosphate groups

Front 92

Potential energy is stored in

Back 92

the covalent bond between the second and third phosphate groups

Front 93

Reactants

Back 93

chemicals enter into a reaction

Front 94

Products

Back 94

chemicals result from a reaction

Front 95

Synthesis (anabolism)

Back 95

combine reactants to form a larger product (e.g. ADP + Pi → ATP)

Front 96

Decomposition (catabolism)

Back 96

break down a large reactant into smaller products (ATP→ ADP + Pi)

Front 97

Metabolism

Back 97

all anabolism and catabolism in body

Front 98

Reversible reaction

Back 98

reactants can form products, or products can form reactants

Front 99

Equilibrium

Back 99

rates of reversible reactions are equal

Front 100

Oxidation-reduction

Back 100

an atom loses an electron (ox) while another atom gains the electron (red)

Front 101

Potential energy

Back 101

stored energy

Front 102

Kinetic energy

Back 102

energy that is doing work

Front 103

Chemical energy

Back 103

potential energy stored within its chemical bond

Front 104

Heat energy

Back 104

energy that flows between objects that are at different temperatures

Front 105

Activation energy

Back 105

minimum amount of energy that reactants must have to start a reaction

Front 106

Catalysts

Back 106

substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

Front 107

Enzymes

Back 107

lower activation energy of a reaction ;remain unchanged after the catalytic reactions

Front 108

Active site

Back 108

binds substrates; slight changes in pH and temperature can destroy the active site

Front 109

Lock-and-key model

Back 109

substrates and enzymes have rigid structures fitting perfectly together

Front 110

Induced fit model

Back 110

enzyme is able to change shape slightly and better fit the reactants

Front 111

Characteristics of all cells

Back 111

Cellular Metabolism – Cells break down food to produce energy and use that energy to synthesize molecules.

Communication – Cells send and receive electrical and chemical signals.

Reproduction and Inheritance – Cells copy their DNA before dividing and some cells become specialized to become gametes for sexual reproduction.

Front 112

Plasma (Cell) Membrane

Back 112

Forms the outer boundary of the cell and allows interaction with the cell’s environment.

Front 113

Nucleus

Back 113

Large organelle that contains most of the cell’s DNA, which in turn controls most aspects of the cellular structure and function (“control center”).

Front 114

Cytoplasm

Back 114

Contains the cytosol (fluid portion of the cytoplasm) and the remainder of the organelles and cellular structures.

Front 115

Fluid-mosaic model

Back 115

The fluid nature of the membrane is composed of lipid bilayer of phospholipids and cholesterol with proteins “floating” in the membrane.

Front 116

Membrane potential

Back 116

electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane

Front 117

Phospholipids

Back 117

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

Front 118

Hydrophobic tails are directed

Back 118

toward the center

Front 119

hydrophilic head is directed

Back 119

toward either the extracellular fluid or cytoplasm

Front 120

Marker molecules (glycoproteins, glycolipids)

Back 120

allow cells to identify other cells or molecules

Front 121

Attachment proteins

Back 121

anchor cells to other cells (cadherins) or extracellular molecules (integrins)

Front 122

Transport proteins

Back 122

channels (leak, ligand- or voltage-gated), carrier proteins (uniport, symport, antiport), ATP-powered pumps

Front 123

Receptor proteins

Back 123

chemical signals bind to receptors to trigger an intracellular response

Front 124

Enzymes

Back 124

catalyze chemical reactions either inside or outside cells

Front 125

Cytoskeleton

Back 125

3 groups of proteins (microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments)

Front 126

Cytoplasmic inclusions

Back 126

aggregates of chemicals either produced or taken in by the cell

Front 127

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 127

Protein and lipid synthesis

Front 128

Golgi Apparatus

Back 128

Packaging

Front 129

Mitochondria

Back 129

ATP production

Front 130

Lysosomes

Back 130

Digest cellular debris (WBC)

Front 131

Peroxisomes

Back 131

Oxidize organic substances

Front 132

Cilia and Flagella

Back 132

Movement of the cell

Front 133

Centrioles

Back 133

Divide chromosomes

Front 134

Cytoskeleton

Back 134

Movement within the cell and movement of the cell

Front 135

Nuclear pores

Back 135

openings allowing molecules to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Front 136

Nucleolus

Back 136

a condensed region of the nucleus consisting mostly of RNA and protein

Front 137

Gene

Back 137

sequence of DNA

Front 138

Chromatin

Back 138

complex of DNA and histone (filament)

Front 139

DNA replication

Back 139

two new strands of DNA are made

Front 140

Chromosome

Back 140

densely compacted chromatin structure during cell division

Front 141

Cell division

Back 141

The process by which cells reproduce themselves

Front 142

Somatic cell division

Back 142

Division of any cell that can divide (except those that produce sperm or egg cells) involving mitosis and cytokinesis

Front 143

Reproductive cell division

Back 143

Division of cells that produce sperm or egg cells involving meiosis and cytokinesis

Front 144

Somatic Cell Division

Back 144

Interphase – Phase between cell divisions

G1 phase – High metabolic rate and replication of organelles [G0 for non-dividing cells]

S phase – Synthesis (replication) of DNA

G2 phase – Final preparation for cell division

Front 145

Mitosis

Back 145

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Front 146

Interphase

Back 146

G1, S, and G2 phase

Front 147

Mitosis

Back 147

Division of a mother cell nucleus into 2 genetically identical daughter nuclei with the same amount of DNA as the mother cell

Front 148

Prophase

Back 148

Chromosomes condense

Front 149

Metaphase

Back 149

Chromosomes align at equator

Front 150

Anaphase

Back 150

Chromatids separate

Front 151

Telophase

Back 151

Chromosomes decondense

Front 152

Cytokinesis

Back 152

Cleavage furrow divides the mother cell’s cytoplasm and organelles

Front 153

Meiosis

Back 153

Cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) and produces gametes (ova and sperm) with half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells

Front 154

Meiosis I

Back 154

Divides chromosome number in half and provides genetic variation

Front 155

Meiosis II

Back 155

Similar to Mitosis