Bio Exam #1

Front 1

cytology

Back 1

the study of cells

Front 2

cell theory

Back 2

-1849
-all organisms are composed of one or more cells
-the cell is the basic unit of organization for all organisms
- cells arise from preexisting cells
-cells are surrounded by a membrane
-cells contain DNA

Front 3

anatomy is hierarchical

Back 3

(biggest to smallest)
-organism
-organ system
-organ
-tissue
-cell
-organelle
-macromolecules

Front 4

macromolecules

Back 4

-lipids
-proteins
-carbohydrates
-nucleic acids

Front 5

in plasma membrane

Back 5

-lipids
-receptor proteins
-enzymes
- ion channels
-cell-identity markers
-microvilli
-cilia
-flagella

Front 6

lipids

Back 6

-in plasma membrane
-phospholipids

Front 7

receptor proteins

Back 7

receives messages

Front 8

enzymes

Back 8

catalyze

Front 9

ion channels

Back 9

cell "gates"

Front 10

cell- identity markers

Back 10

glycocalyx (without these body would start attacking itself)

Front 11

microvilli

Back 11

-digestive system (intestines and tongue)

Front 12

cilia

Back 12

-respiratory system

Front 13

flagella

Back 13

mobile cells

Front 14

nucleus

Back 14

-double membrane with pores
-holds the DNA

Front 15

cell interior

Back 15

-nulceus
-endoplasmic reticulum
-Smooth & rough
-ribosomes
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes
-mitochondria
-cytoskelton

Front 16

Endoplasmic reticulum
ROUGH ER

Back 16

-branches of from nucleus membrane
-surface has ribosomes
-makes phospholipids

Front 17

endoplasmic reticulum
SMOOTH ER

Back 17

-branches out from nuclear membrane/ and or rough ER
-surface lacks ribosomes
-makes other lipids. some hormones
-detoxifies toxins, ex alcohol

Front 18

ribosomes

Back 18

-embedded in rough ER but also free flowing in cytosol
-assembles amino acids into proteins

Front 19

golgi appararus

Back 19

-the "post office"
-receives proteins from rough ER
- sorts, may cut/splice, may add carbohydrates to the structure
-packages finished proteins then ships them out
-make lysosomes

Front 20

lysosomes

Back 20

-digest all macromolecules types releasing products(ie. subunits or monomers)
-autophagy, "self eating"
-autolysis, "self breakdown"

Front 21

mitochondria

Back 21

-double membrane
-"powerhouse" of cell
-aerobic cellular respiration
-make ATP
-energy currency of cell
-anaerobic cellular respiration

Front 22

cytoskeleton

Back 22

-network of fiber-like proteins in cytoplasm
-structural and mechanical support
- cell shape
-movement of organelles
- cell motility

Front 23

chromosomes

Back 23

highly coiled DNA containing many genes

Front 24

chromatid

Back 24

-1 of 2 identical copies of DNA in a chromosome (the "leg")

Front 25

centromere

Back 25

-point of attachment for duplicated (sister) chromatids

Front 26

Mitosis

Back 26

-somatic cells (except gametes)
-need for: growth and repair
-interphase
-prophase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase

Front 27

interphase

Back 27

-longest phase
-G1 / S / G2
G1: 1 chromatid per chromosome (one mother one father)
S: (synthesis) DNA replication
G2: 2 chromatids per chromosome

Front 28

prophase

Back 28

-nulcear membrane disintegrates
-chromosomes codense forming recognizable shape
-spindles form (move genetic material)

Front 29

metaphase

Back 29

-chromosomes line up on metaphase plate (equator), centromeres on spindle fibers

Front 30

anaphase

Back 30

-spindle fibers contract
-pull sister chromatids apart
-chromatids move to opposite sides of cell

Front 31

telophase

Back 31

-spindle fibers disappear
-nulcear membrane re-forms
-chromosoes de-condense
-ctyokinesis

Front 32

cytokinesis

Back 32

cleavage forms splitting cell into 2 identical daughter cells

Front 33

genetics

Back 33

study of heredity resulting from genes, basis of inheritance

Front 34

gene

Back 34

nucleotide sequence in DNA that codes for a trait

Front 35

gregor mendel

Back 35

-studied pea plants
-wondered if you could choose characteristics of new plant by selecting parent plants

Front 36

genotype

Back 36

genetic makeup of an organism

Front 37

phenotype

Back 37

physical expression of the genotype

Front 38

alleles

Back 38

variations of the same gene
-homozygous: identical alleles
-dominant: AA
- recessive: aa
-heterozygous: dissimilar alleles
- Aa

Front 39

punnett squares

Back 39

a method used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of off spring

Front 40

Mendel's Laws of Genetics

Back 40

-Alleles account for variation in inherited traits
-for each trait, an organism inherits 2 alleles for same gene, one for each parent
-dominant allele determines phenotype

Front 41

incomplete dominance

Back 41

a heterozygote of a trait is an intermediate between homozygous dominant trait and homozygous recessive trait

Front 42

Co-Dominance

Back 42

-2 or more dominant alleles, individual may express both phenotypes
- type O= OO
- type A= AA or AO
- type B= BB or BO
- type AB= AB

Front 43

Polygenic inheritance

Back 43

-addictive effects of genes (ex skin color), several genes cause 1 phenotype
-up to 3 genes contribute to skin pigment

Front 44

epistasis

Back 44

one gene modifies the effect of another gene (ex. albinoism)

Front 45

osmosis

Back 45

net diffusion of water across a membrane

Front 46

diffusion

Back 46

movement of solutes

Front 47

osmotic flow

Back 47

-the movement of water driven by osmosis
-the greater the initial difference the stronger the flow

Front 48

osmotic pressure

Back 48

an indication of the force with which pure water moves into that solution

Front 49

osmolarity

Back 49

-the total solute concentration in an aqueous solution
-also called osmotic concentration
-refers to the solute concentration of the solution

Front 50

tonicity

Back 50

-how the solution affects a cell
-has
3 effects:
-isotonic
- hypotonic
- hypertonic

Front 51

isotonic

Back 51

a solution that does not cause an asmotic flow of water into or out of a cell

Front 52

hypotonic

Back 52

solution is one that causes osmotic water flow into the cell

Front 53

hypertonic

Back 53

as water moves out of the cell shrivels and dehydrates

Front 54

locus

Back 54

a genes position on a chromosome

Front 55

simple inheritance

Back 55

most common form of interaction among autosomal genes

Front 56

alleles

Back 56

various forms of a given gene

Front 57

homozygous

Back 57

two chromosomes of a homologous pair carry the same allele of a particular gene

Front 58

heterozygous

Back 58

two different alleles for the same gene

Front 59

simple inheritance

Back 59

-most common form of interaction among autosomal genes
-strict dominance is one type

Front 60

strict dominance

Back 60

any dominant allele will be expressed in the phenotype, regardless of any conflicting instructions carried by the other allele

Front 61

dominant alleles

Back 61

represented by capital letters

Front 62

recessive alleles

Back 62

represented by lowercase letters

Front 63

polygenic inheritance

Back 63

resulting phenotype depends on not only on the nature of the alleles but how those alleles interact
-you cannot predict outcome using Punnett square