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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are three words that academically classify evolution?
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evolution the fact, law, and theory
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What is evolution the fact?
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life has changed over time.
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What is evolution the law?
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if something is somewhat mutable and replicable and given enough time, it will evolve.
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what is evolution the theory?
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it explains why and how
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who started the synthetic theory of evolution?
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mayr and dobzhansky
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what is the kpcofgs classification system called?
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the carolus linnaeus system
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which two scientists explain biogeography?
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lyell and hutton
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what did curier explain?
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that older fossils are more dissimilar to modern ones
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what caused the peppered moth thing?
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the industrial revolution
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how many phyla are in the animalia kingdom?
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35-39
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what does extant mean?
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living
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what does carolus linnaeus' system mirror?
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evolutionary branches
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what does the malthusian doctrine state?
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regardless of species, more offspring are created than survive to adulthood
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what are the lamarckian principles? [the wrong part of it]
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the use/disuse of structures change inheritance patterns
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what is the equation thing of the hardy-weinburg equilibrium?
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q^2 + 2pq + p^2 = 1
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what does q^2 mean?
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homozygotic dominant
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what does 2pq mean?
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heterozygotic
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what does p^2 mean?
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homozygotic recessive
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what is the origin of variation?
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mutation
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the more distant the species...
[example:] |
the more base pair differences
[you'll look less llike your great grandma's 5th cousin than your sister] |
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what are the 3 types of natural selection?
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disruptive, directional, and stabilizing
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describe directional natural selection.
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big frogs don't survive; next generation of frogs gets smaller
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describe stabilizing natural selection.
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stabilizing for the "just right" size
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describe disruptive natural selection.
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middle size gets eliminated, both extremes are better
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natural selection only works on _________ phenotypes
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expressed
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what 5 things need to happen for evolution to occur?
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mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, isolation of populations, and mating [not random]
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what is an example of sexual selection?
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peacocks and their obnoxious feathers that really hinder their lifestyle, but attract the ladies (;
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evolution is the change in ________ ___________
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allele frequency
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what is immigration, and what is an example of it?
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alleles entering; frogs entering from 1 island to the next
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what is emigration?
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alleles leaving
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what is genetic drift?
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random chance removes alleles from population
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what are two types of genetic drift?
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bottleneck and founder effect
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describe bottleneck.
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a lot of species die except a few; newer generations are like clones
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describe founder effect:
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a small group leaves [guys on boating incident]
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what is the big base unit for evolution?
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speciation
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what is morpological/gene speciation?
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a way to tell apart species if they are too alike in appearance
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what is recognition/reproductive speciation?
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recognition = dance they can't do
reproductive = egg and sperm can't be fertilized |
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what is ecological speciation?
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if a lion and a tiger reproduced, the terrain would be difficult to adjust to; species can be defined by environment
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what are the two most basic types of speciation?
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allopatric and sympatric
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describe allopatric:
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a natural barrier separates species
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describe sympatric:
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organisms whose ranges overlap
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what is an evidence of fossil evolution?
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morphological comparisons
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what are homologous structures?
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things that different species have
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what is a vestigial organ?
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something that lost its original function [appendix]
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what is another evidence of fossil evidence?
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embryonic comparisons
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what is macroevolution?
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history of planet; major trends
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what is the symapomorph for reptiles to birds?
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scales
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what is exaptation?
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co-opting structures for other purposes; feathers first for warmth, then flight
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what is convergent evolution?
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laws of physics and chemistry pick best-suited structures for function [wings are needed for flight]
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what are the 2 extremes of the evolutionary time scale?
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gradual and punctuated equilibrium
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what happens when the poles switch?
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mutations are sped up
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what is artificial selection?
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selection by humans for breeding of useful traits
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what is genetic equilibrium?
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situation in which allele frequencies remain constant
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what is adaptive radiation?
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a species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways
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