Bio Ecology Last Test!

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secondary succession

Back 1

when an ecosystem gets destroyed by natural/human causes and lots of time goes by in order for it to regrow (it takes time to regrow a forest!)

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primary succession

Back 2

mostly with dead volcanoes turning into lakes

when there is no ecosystem to begin with but a new ecosystem grows (of course it takes time)

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climax community

Back 3

when an ecosystem is stable (like a forest)

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denitrification

Back 4

when a plant/animal dies some bacteria turn....

nitrates--> n2 gas

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amonification

Back 5

when a plant/animal dies some bacteria turn....

Nitrates----> amonia

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Nitrification

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bacteria turn Amonia--> Nitrates

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Nitrogen fixation

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bacteria turn N2 ---> Amonia

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biomagnification

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pesticides got into the water---> contaminated but didn't kill the fish---> birds eat contaminated fish but don't die--> DDT makes bird's eggs soft so the babies don't survive

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Nutrophication

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fertilizer gets in the water---> NItrogen from fertilizer encourages a lot of algae to grow---> O2 decreases after the fish population booms (b/c lots of algae)---> the fish die b/c of lack of O2---> pond dries up after lots of plants grow at the bottom

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Nitrogen Cycle (steps)

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1) 78% of the atmosphere is N2 gas (which is unusable)
2) Nitrogen Fixation (N2--> Amonia)
3) Nitrification (Amonia--> Nitrates)
4) Assimilation (plants absorb N then consumers eat plants)
5) Consumer/plant dies-- it either gets denitrified or amonified

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O3

Back 11

ozone

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what two things make up much of the atmosphere

Back 12

O3 (ozone) and N2

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Carbon Cycle (steps)

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1) Photosynthesis (CO2 in atmosphere---> absorbed in plants)
2) Carbon in the form of sugar (glucose) goes into consumers when they eat the plants
3) Cellular respiration in consumers exhales CO2 back into the atmosphere
4) Decomposers break down the carbon after consumer/plant death and FOSSIL FUELS are created
5) Burning of fossil fuels releases CO2

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what are the two ways C is released back into the atmosphere in the carbon cycle

Back 14

cellular respiration in consumers


burning of fossil fuels

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ecology

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study of interactions between organisms and their environment

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biotic

Back 16

living factors

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abiotic

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not living factors (like PH and temp)

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Predator prey relationship

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the predator and prey is interdependent of each other--- if there are less prey the predators have nothing to eat and population gets smaller

if there are a ton of prey the predator population will skyrocket b/c they have a lot to eat

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3 types of ecosystems-- name them

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1) Terrestrial (land)
2) saltwater
3) freashwater

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econsystem

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an array of organisms and their physical environment

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what are the 7 terrestrial ecosystems

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grasslands
tundra (alpine, arctic)
desert
Taiga (coniferous)
Deciduous
Tropical Rainforest
Chaparral

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producers

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convert raw material into useable material --- they start the energy pyramid b/c they don't have to eat something else to acquire energy

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consumers

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consume other things for energy

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decomposers

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break down material

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what's the difference between a food web and a food chain

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food chain-- follows one path of energy through specific organisms

food web--- includes many food chains intertwined together

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10% rule

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each time you move up the energy pyramid and something consumes something else only 10% of the energy is passed on to the next level

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3 pyramids-- list

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1) Pyramid of Numbers-- charts the actual number of organisms at each level
2) Pyramid of Biomass-- charts the actual weight of the organisms at each level (the mass not weight)
3) Pyramid of Energy--- charts the amount of energy that is passed on-- how the energy flows through the pyramid

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who has the most energy

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the producers (they don't have to eat something else and only acquire 10%)

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Symbiosis-- three types-- symbiotic relationships

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1) Parasitic-- one benefits the other doesn't
2) Mutualism-- both benefit (protists in gut of termites)
3) Commensalism-- one benefits the other doesn't care (bird in a tree)

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Succession

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changes in a community over time-- a burnt forest take time to re grow into the previous ecosystem

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Tundra

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Permafrost-- layer of ice underground-- prevents plants from growing long roots so the plants are small

lots of lichen

Russia, Canada,

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Coniferous/Taiga/Boreal Forest

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Needle like evergreens

trees don't lose leaves during the winter

lots of berry shrubs and bushes

moose, deer, bear, chipmunks,bats

russia and south of tundra

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Deciduous forest

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we live in one

trees lose leaves in winter

maple oak

human populations are high-- therefore most at risk for deforestation

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Grasslands/Prairie/ Stephis/ Pompus

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tall grasses

very fertile soil-- great for farming

small herbivore animals (prairie dog)

coyote, buffalo

n america, asia, africa, austrailia

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Desert

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No water

succulents (like cactus)

few mammals mostly reptiles

short lived annual plants

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Chaparral

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rocky coastline environment

plants dependent on fire to reproduce (to spread seeds)

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three ways carbon is released into atmosphere

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1) Carbon trapped in rocks and sediment is released when combined with water and carbonic acid is formed
2) Cellular respiration releases CO2
3) Burning of trees and fossil fuels

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detritivores

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eat particles of decomposing organic material (like crabs)

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trophic levels

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the levels in the food chain or web or whatever

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detrital food web

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includes producers, detritivores, and decomposers

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grazing food web

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includes herbivores carnivores and decomposers

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primary productivity

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the rate at which producers capture and store energy during a given interval of time

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net ecosystem production

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the total primary production minus the energy used by producers for things like metabolism

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hydrologic cycles

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global water cycle-- how water travels through

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atmospheric cycles

Back 45

carbon and nitrogen cycles are an example

how gaseous nutrients cycle the environment

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sedimentary cycles

Back 46

how things like phosphorus (nutrients that are solid) cycle the environment

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STUDY INVERTEBRATE CHART

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STUDY INVERTEBRATE CHART

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what is the primary energy source of the energy flow pyramid

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the sun (which provides the energy to the producers)

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one way flow

Back 49

like the energy cycle only one source is providing the energy and the energy flows in one direction

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two way flow

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like the nitrogen and carbon cycle where there is more than one source and it is a continuous cycle that can go in many directions