Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
DEFINE ENZYME |
BIOLOGICAL CATALYST THAT IS A KIND OF PROTEIN WHICH SPEEDS UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE IN THE CELL. ENZYMES REQUIRE THE PROPER TEMPERATURE, pH, AND CONCENTRATION OF SUBSTRATES IN ORDER TO WORK CORRECTLY; THEY ARE NOT USED UP IN THE REACTION AND MAY BE USED OVER AND OVER AGAIN AS LONG AS THEY RETAIN PROPER SHAPE. ENZYMES ARE SPECIFIC FOR THE TYPE OF REACTION THEY CATALYZE (RUN) |
|
|
WHY ARE ENZYME'S IMPORTANT |
WITHOUT ENZYMES MANY NECESSARY CELL CHEMICAL REACTIONS WOULD NOT OCCUR FAST ENOUGH TO SUPPLY NEEDED MATERIAL TO THE CELL FOR ITS SURVIVAL |
|
|
HOW DO ENZYMES WORK |
ENZYMES WORK BY PROVIDING A PLACE (ACTIVE SITE) FOR A CHEMICAL REACTION TO TAKE PLACE. AT THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME, SUBSTRATES MEET IN ORDER TO COMBINE OR BREAK APART; THIS LOWERS THE ACTIVATION ENERGY REQUIRED TO RUN THE ENZYME CATALYZED ENZYME. |
|
|
SUBSTRATE |
REACTANT (INGREDIENTS) IN AN ENZYME CATALYZED REACTION (KEY FITS ONLY IN THE CORRECT ENZYME'S ACTIVE SITE) |
|
|
ACTIVE SITE |
PRECISE SHAPED OPENING THAT EXACTLY FITS SUBSTRATES TOGETHER (LOCK) |
|
|
ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX |
COMBINATION OF SUBSTRATES IN THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME |
|
|
3 HUMAN EXAMPLES OR ENZYMES AND WHAT THEY DO CARBONIC ANHYDRASE DNA POLYMERASE AMYLASE |
COMBINES WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE TOGETHER INTO CARBONIC ACID SO THAT CARBON DIOXIDE CAN BE CARRIED THROUGH THE BLOODSTREAM BACK TO THE LUNGS WHERE IT IS EXHALED AS A WASTE GAS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION. COPIES DNA MOLECULE DURING 5 PHASE OF INTERPHASE;ALSO PROOFREADS THE 2 NEW MOLECULES MADE IN REPLICATION TO ENSURE CORRECT COPYING OF DNA ENZYME IN SALIVA THAT BEGINS TO BREAK APART STARCH MOLECULES INTO GLUCOSE
|
|
|
kinds of organic compounds |
carbohydrates (C1H201) LIPIDS(CHO) PROTEINS(NOCH) NUCLEIC ACIDS(NOCHPS) |
|
|
METABOLISM |
COMBINATION OF ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS AN ORGANISM USES TO BREAK DOWN OR BUILD MATERIALS |
|
|
HOMEOSTATIS |
ABILITY TO MAINTAIN A STABLE INTERNAL ENVIORMENT |
|
|
RESPOND TO STIMUII |
ORGANISMS ADAPT TO CHANGES IN THEIR ENVIORMENT |
|
|
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT |
ORGANISMS ADAPT TO CHANGES IN THEIR ENVIORMENT |
|
|
HEREDITY/DNA |
ALL ORGANISMS HAVE DNA WHICH PASSES THEIR GENETIC MAKEUP TO OFFSPRING THROUGH REPRODUCTION |
|
|
ABILITY TO REPRODUCE |
ORGANISMS ARE ABLE TO MAKE MORE OF THEIR OWN KIND |
|
|
NUCLEUS |
CONTAINS DNA |
|
|
VACUOLES/VESICLES |
STORE MATERIALS PLANTS HAVE A LARGE CENTRAL VALCOULE |
|
|
LYSOSOMES |
BREAK DOWN AND RECYLCE MACROMLECULES |
|
|
RIBOSOMES |
MAKES PROTEINS |
|
|
CELL WALL |
SHAPES SUPPORTS AND PROTECTS THE CELL IN BACTERIA FUNGI AND SOME PROTISITS AND ALL PLANTS |
|
|
3 SIMILARITIES OF EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS |
CELL MEMBRANE DNA CYTOPLASAM RIBOSOMES |
|
|
3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS |
EULARYOTES HAVE A MEMBRANE BOUND NUCLEUS ORGANELLES AND DIVIDE BY MITOSIS PROKAYOTES DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS OR ORGANELLES AND DIVIDE BY BINARY FUSION (ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION) |
|
|
SEMI PERMEABLE |
SOME SUBSTANCE CAN PASS THROUGH THE MEMBRANE WHILE OTHER SUBSTANCES CAN'T |
|
|
WHY IS SEMI PERNEABLE MEMBRANE IMPORTANT TO CELLS |
CELLS NEED CERTAIN SUBSTANCES TO SURVIVE BUT MUST KEEP OUT SUBSTANCES THAT WOULD HARM THE CELL |
|
|
2 WAYS ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT ARE THE SAME |
MOVE MATERIALS THROUGH A SEMI PERMEABLE MEMBRANE USE PROTEINS TO MOVE MATERIALS (AQUAPORINS IN OSMOSIS FACILITATED DIFFUSION AND PUMPS) |
|
|
EXAMPLES OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT |
DIFFUSION- SMALL MOLECULES MOVING FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION TO REACH EQUILILBRIUM OSMOSIS-MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH AQUAPORINS TOWARD HIGH SOLUTE CONCENTRATION WATER ALWAYS MOVES TOWARD HYPERTONIC SOLUTION FACLITATED DIFFUSION- MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION TRHOUGH PROTEIN CHANNELS |
|
|
ACTIVE TRANSPORT ARE DIFFRENT FROM PASSIVE TRANSPORT |
ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES ENERGY ACTIVE TRANSPORT MOVE MATERIALS AGAINST CONCENTRATION GRADIENT |
|
|
examples of active transport |
molecular pumps-charged ions move from low to high concentration through protein pumps endocytosis-bulk transport of large quantities into the cell forming vacuole cell eating and pinocytosis excoytosis- bulk transport of large quanties out of the cell vacuole fuses cell membrane and empties contentes outside of cell |
|
|
homestasis |
ability of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment important because cells need certain materials and conditions to survive they also need to keep out dangerous materials that could harm the cell |
|
|
how do ribosomes function |
sit of protein synthesis in which mrna undergoes translation the matching mrna codons pair wtih trna anticodons bringing the correct amino acids in the right order to build a new protein |
|
|
WHAT IS FUNCTION OF MITOCHONDRION |
SITE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION WHERE CELLS BREAK DOWN GLUCOSE AND PRODUCE ATP ATP IS ENERGY THAT CELLS CAN USE TO POWER THEIR CHEMICAL PROCESSES AND MOVEMENT |
|
|
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A CHLOROPLAST |
SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS WHERE CELLS CONVERT LIGHT ENERGY FROM THE SUN INTO ATP TO POWER THE PRODUCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES SUCH AS GLUCOSE WHICH IS STORED ENERGY |
|
|
PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION |
6CO2+GH20__________ C6H12O6+602 |
|
|
CELLULAR RESPIRATION EQUATION |
C6H12+6O2 ------------------6C02+6H20+ATP |
|
|
where is energy stored in an atp molecule |
the energy released from atp is stored in the chemical bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups |
|
|
why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered to be a cycle |
photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen gas which are the reactants in cellular respiration. cellular respiration produces carbon dioxcide and water which are reactants for phototsynthesis. photosynthesis makes what cellular respiration neds and cellular respiration makes what phototsynthesis needs |
|
|
explain the role and importance of atp in living organisms |
atp is form of energy that cells can use they are made of an adenosine group and 3 phosphate groups |
|
|
what type of organelle would be in large numbers in a muscle cell and why |
muscle cells would have a lot of mitochondria in order to convert chemical energy from food into atp because it takes a great deal of energy for a muscle cells to contract causing an animal to move |
|
|
which organelles would be in large numbers in a leag cell and why |
main function of cells in leaves is to carry out photosynthesis and so leaf cells would have a large number of chlorplasts. they would also have a large central vacuole for storage of sugars made in photosynthesis |
|
|
what type of orgabelle would be in large numbers in while blood cell and why |
liver cells would have large numbers of lysosomesin order to help digest unwanted forgein invaders that are engulfed by the white blood cells |
|
|
what are cilia and what do they do |
small hair like projections on the outside of a cell which can beat causing the cell to move or create a current in water to cause food particles to come close to the cell. they can also be involved with absorption of nutrients |
|
|
what are flagella and what do they do |
a long tail like structure that allows a cell to move through its environment sperm cells swim by means of their flagella |
|
|
descirbe how some organisms capture the suns energy through the process of photosynthesis by converting carbon dioxcide and water into high energy compounds and relasing oxygn |
occurs in plants some bacteria and some protisits |
|
|
explain light dependent reaction reactants and products |
first part of photosynthesis which occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chlorplasts requires h20 and captures light energy from the sun converting it to atp and relasing o2 gas atp is the energy from that cells can use |
|
|
wxplain light independent reactrion reactants and products |
second part of photosynthesis occurs in the stroma of a chloroplast uses atp and carbon from the sun converting it to atp and relasing o2 gas to make carbohydrates |
|
|
photosynthesis equation |
6co2 + 6h20---------c6h12o6+602 |
|
|
name of phtosynthesis organelle |
chloroplast |
|
|
define metabolism |
combination of all the chemical reactions an organism uses to break down or build materials |
|
|
explain digestion as an example of metabolism in an organism |
digestion is a series of many chemical reactions used to break apart the food we eat into small molecules that can be absorbed through the walls of our small and large intestines into the bloodstream for transport into our cells |
|
|
where is amylase found and what does it break down |
found in saliva and breaks down starch into glucose |
|
|
production of proteins |
transcroption and translation a gene in dna is transcibed into mrna and then translated into an amino acid chain at a ribosome |
|
|
modification of proteins to be used in the membrane |
some cell surgace proteins destined for the cell membrane are modified in the golgi apparatus in a way that adds a carboyhdrate in the protein making a cell receptor |
|
|
movement of materials through the membrane |
active transport of materials through membrane proteins which requires atp to change the shape of the protein in order to allow passage of materials |
|
|
descirbe how matter cycles through an ecosytem by way of food chains and food wbs and how organisms covert that matter into a variety of organic molecules to be used in part in their ownc ellular structures |
food chain-one set of feeding relationships showing the energy transfer from the sun to producers to consumers |
|
|
food web |
all of the ppoaaible interconnected feeding relationships in an ecoystem energy flows rom the sun to prodcuers and then to consumers |
|
|
descrive ecological pryamid for energy |
a pryamid with 4 trophic levels base of pryamid contains the producers herbivores carnivors and omnivores decomposers are found on every trophic level |
|
|
10%rule |
oly 10% of energy at one level is passed to the next 90 is laost as heat |
|
|
autotroph |
producer an organism that makes its own food |
|
|
heterotrph |
gets food from other organism |
|
|
producer |
makes own food |
|
|
consumer |
gets food from other organisms |
|
|
4 kinds of consumer |
herbivore carnivore omnivore decompserq |
|
|
example in plant cells |
using atp to connect monosaccharides to make the structural polysaccharide cellulose |
|
|
animal cells example |
using atp to connect glusocse to store energy in the poulsaccharide glycogen |
|
|
limiting nutrient |
chemical needed for growth that is missing only available in a small supply keeps plants from taking over all resources example nitrogen and phosphours |
|
|
key types of organisms recycle the remains of a dead organism |
bacteria and decomposers |
|
|
ultimate source of energy |
sun |
|
|
organisms type at base of food web |
producers autotrophs |
|
|
how does latitude affect the amount of life an environment can support |
the closer the environment is located to the equator the more life it can support the farther away it is from the equator the less life it can support |
|
|
4 examples of non native species in indiana |
kudzu elodea blue green alge purple loosestrife curlyleaf pondweed zebra mussels round goby grass carp mute swan emerald ash borer |
|
|
invasice species |
invasive species is an organism or plant that is introduced into a new environment where is not native and begins to come a nuisance by invading the ecosystem and out competing the native species for resources they need to survive |
|
|
specific examples of how a non natice plant species can negatively impact an ecostyems biodiversity |
curly leaf can provide habitat for aquatic life during the winter when few other plants are present the negative consequences of this plant far outweig this one positive aspect. the mid summer decay of curlyleaf pondweed can cause low oxygen condition in areas where a consdiderable amound of decomposition is occuring. the die off will also cause nutrients to be relased from the plants which can triggger algal blooms. dense beds of curlyleaf can reduce recreational opportunities such as boating fishing and swimming |
|
|
examples of how non native animal species can negatively impact an ecosytems biodiversity |
because zebra mussels filter large amounts of water infested lakes have become cleaner/ while this may sound like a good thing this can cause problems as well, with clear water sunlight penetrates to deeper water this allows for more vegetative growth this vegetation can become so thick that it could hinder swimming and boating. while zebra mussels feed on phytoplantkon they do not eeate blue green alage. some foresm of blue green alge produce toxins |
|
|
$ of enerby transferred between levels |
10 |
|
|
trophic levels |
producer consumer consumer carnivore ominvore |
|
|
food web |
all feeding connections in an ecological community |
|
|
limmiting factor |
factor that limits the growth or development of an organism or population |
|
|
define density dependent limiting factor and give 2 exxamples |
limiting facot that depends on a populations size competition predation |
|
|
define density independent limiting factor |
limiting factor that can affect a population regardless of the populations size disease paratisim natural disaters |
|
|
define ecological sucession |
gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosytem |
|
|
difference between primary and secondary sucession |
primary-volcanic eruption begins with no soil and takes thousands of years lichens firts secondary = deforestation and natural disaters soil left beyond takes about 100 yrs weeds grass come first |
|
|
organisms that usually inhabit an ecosytem first |
producers that are self sustaining lichens or small fast growing weeds or grasses come first because they use the suns energy and are self sustaining liches or small fast growing weeds or organisms |
|
|
in an ecosytem energy is |
transferred |
|
|
while matter is |
recycled |
|
|
define biotic factor |
living all types of organisms |
|
|
define abiotic facotr and give examples |
nonliving all types of organisms |
|
|
how does biodiversity in an ecosystem promote stabiility |
the more biodiversity that an ecosystem has the more more stable it is |
|
|
which climate zone carries the greatest biodiversity |
the trophics are closer the equator and have more direct sun rays more rain and more stable climates so more plants can grow there yerar round to support other organisms |
|
|
what must be true of population birth and death rates to maintain ecosystem stability |
carrying capacity would be reached death rates would then increase due to shortages of resources which would decressae stabiltity |
|
|
mutalism and commensalism |
both enhance stability as organisms benefit from one another in these interactions |
|
|
paratisism and competition |
both can decrease stabilith however when populations are at carrying capacity they can enhance stabilith by decreasing population sizes |
|
|
predation |
if a predator populaion size increases then the amount of prey eaten will increase causing a decrease in their population size. the predator population will then decrease due to lack of reasources or prey this will alow the prey population to increase and the pattern to repeat |
|
|
explain shape and frm of dna |
dna is made of jucleodtides that form long strands connected by covalent bonds dna is made of nucleotides that form long strands connected by covalend bondsy two complementary strands of dna connect between the nitrogen bases in the middles and are held together by hydrogen bonds the double stranded molevule twists into a spiral called a double helix the different order of the dna bases code for the specific traits in organisms |
|
|
describe how hereditary information passes from parents to offspring is encoded in regions of dna molecules called genes describe how the inheritance of traits is determined in a diploid organisms |
diploid organisms inherit 2 genes for each trait one from other and other from father so they have 2 genes per trait if 1 of those genes codes for a dominat trait then tat will be the trait seen in the individaual if both of the genes code for a recessive trait then the trait seen in the individual will be recessive |
|
|
dna GGG AAT CCT ATA |
CCC UUA GAA UAU |
|
|
TRNA |
GGG AAU CUU AUA
AMINO ACID PRO LEU GLU TYR |
|
|
process of transcription |
enxyme rna polymerase unzips the dna free mrna nucleotides complementary base pair with one side of dna mrna strand breaks off dna rezips |
|
|
PROCESSS OF TRANS;ATION |
MRNA LEAVES THE NUCLEUS AND ATTACHES TO RINBOSOME ANTICODON CARRYING THE AMINO ACID METHOIONIE PAIRS WITH START CODON ON MRNA WHILE NEXT MATCHINGG ANTICODON BRINGS CORRECT AMINO ACID TO BEGIN THE POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN THE 2 AMINO ACIDS FORM A PEPTIDE BOND AS THE EMPTY 1ST TRNA LEAVES RIBOSOME RIBOSOME SLIDES DOWN ONE CODON ALLOWING THIRD COMPLEMETARY TNRA ANTICODON WITH ITS AMINO ACID TO ATTACH TO THE CODONS RIBOSOME SLIDES DOWN ONE CODON AND THE PROCESS REPEATS UNTILL THE STIP CODON IS REACHED POLYPEPTDE CHAIN IS REEASED AND TH PROTEIN FOLDS INTO ITS CORRECT SHAEP FOR ITS SPECFIC FUNCTION |
|
|
explain the unique shape and activity of each protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids |
if wrong order or amino acids occurs in the protein then it will not fold into its correct shape and may not work correctly causing disease if the protein is an enzyme then the active site may be misshappen and the substrates may not be able to react |
|
|
UNDERSTAND PROTEINS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OBSERVABLE TRAITS OF AN ORGANISM AND FOR MOST OF THE FUNCTIONS WITHIN AN ORGANISM |
STRUCTURES ARE MADE OF PROTEIN COLOR PIGMENTS ARE PROTEINS MOST CELL CHEMICAL REACTIONS ONLY OCCUR IN PRESENCE OF A SPECIFIC ENZYME AKA PROTEIN |
|
|
RECOGNIZE TRAITS CAN BE STRUCTURAL PHYSIOLOGICAL OR BEHAVIORAL AND CAN INCLUDE STEADILY OBSERVABLE CHACTERISTICS AT THE ORGANISMAL LEVEL OR LESS RECONIZABLE FEATURES AT THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR LEVEL |
EXAMPLES OF TRAITS: STRUCTURAL -HAIR COLOR PHYSIOLOGICAL-ANY CHEMICAL PROCESS BEHAVIORAL-NOCTURNAL |
|
|
who was mendel and why was he important |
farther og enetics 1843 monk corossed true breeding peas of oppisite traits to observe traits in offspring f1 generation recessive trait disapperared but reapperared in f2 generation 25% of time discoverd each trait is controlled by 2 alleles principle of dominance principle of segregration [rinciple of independent assortment kept meticulous records and analyzed statistics of results golden ratio in monohybrid cross of 3:1 in f2 generation golden ratio in dihybrid cross of 9:3:3:1 in f2 generation |
|
|
principle of dominance |
represented by a capitalized letter for the allele if one allele is dominant the dominant phenotype will be seen this explained why a recessive trait may be hidden |
|
|
principle of segregation |
copies of a gene separate during meiosis when gametes are made each gamete recieves only one allele per trait important because a gamete must be haploid so that upon fertlilzation the zygote will be diploid like its parent with only two sets of homologous chromosomes |
|
|
principle of independent assortment |
alleles for two diggerent traits are separate from each other hen gamets are made in meiosis each gamete recieves 1 allele for each other when gametes are made in meiosis eacn gamete recieves one allele for each trait gametes form with every possible combination of the two alleles use foil method to determine combinations |
|
|
simple recessive |
get 2 recessive alleles have recessive phenotype cystic fibrosis tay sachs [ku type o |
|
|
simple dominant |
one dominant allele causes trait of diesease huntingtosn disease |
|
|
codominant |
both allels equally dominat both seen |
|
|
sex linked |
recess trait passes to makes from mother on x chromosome |
|
|
incomplete dominance |
neither allele is dominant so intermediate phenotype is seen |
|
|
multiple alles |
trait with 2 otr more possible alleles |
|
|
polygenic |
trait controlled by many genes |
|
|
replication |
carried out by a series of ensymes enzymes unzip the dna molecule by breaking the H bonds between base pairs separating the two sides free nucleotides fill in the complementary dna nucleotide on both exposed orginal strands in opppsite directions dna piolymerase rezips the 2 dna molecule and half new dna polymerase also proofreads each new molecule for correctness |
|
|
mutations |
DNA OCCURS WHEN MUTAGENS DAMAGE DNA CHANGING THE ORDER OF THE DNA NUCLEOTIDES |
|
|
WHICH ORGANISMS ARE MOST CLOSELY RELATED AND EXPLAIN HOW U CAME TO THAT CONCLUSION |
HUMAN AND THE BAT ARE THE MOST CLOSLEY RELATED THIS IS SUPPORTED BU THE FACT THEIR AMINO ACID SEQUENCE WHICH IS DETERMINED BU THE DNA SHOWS ONLY ONE DIFFERENCE THE MORE SIMILAR THE DNA AND THE MORE SIMILAR THEIR AMINO ACID SEQUENCES ARE THE MORE CLOSELY RELATED THE 2 ORGANISMS ARE |
|
|
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES |
STRUCUTRES SHARED BY RELATED SPECIES INHERITED FROM A COMMMON ANCESTOR SIMILAR FORELIMB BONES OF VERTEBRATES IS EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION |
|
|
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE |
BODY PARTS WITH COMMON FUNCTION BUT NOT STRUCTURES THESE SPECIES DO NOT SHARE A CLOSE COMMON ANCESTOR SUCH AS AN INSECT AND BIRD JUST BECAUS ETHEY HAVE WINGS AND FLU |
|
|
VESTIGAL |
STRUCTURES INHERITED FROM ANCESTORS BUT HAVE LOST THEIR UNTION DUE TO A CHANGING ENVIORMENT HUMAN APPENDIX |
