Bio-Chemistry Yr 1 Set 2 Zdeli1980

Front 1

What is the definition of matter

Back 1

Matter is everything around us that has mass and occupies space

Front 2

Give the definition of an atom

Back 2

Atoms are small particles of matter, that are made up of electrons,protons and neutrons

Front 3

Describe the definition of an element

Back 3

An element is a substance made up of just one type of atom so itcannot be split up into simpler substances

Front 4

What is an Ion?

Back 4

Ions are electrically charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

Front 5

What is a molecule ?

Back 5

Molecules are when 2 or more atoms form a chemical bond with each other (i.e. H20)

Front 6

Describe a compound.

Back 6

A compound is a substance made from 2 or more elements that have reacted chemically with each other.

Front 7

Describe a hydrophilic molecule

Back 7

Non-polar molecules that repel water molecules are called Hydrophobic molecules

Front 8

What is the chemical symbol for sulphur ?

Back 8

S

Front 9

What is the chemical symbol for Iron ?

Back 9

Fe

Front 10

What is an isotope?

Back 10

Atoms of the same element which have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.

Front 11

Give an example of an element with 2 abundant stable isotopes.

Back 11

Chlorine

Front 12

Finish the sentance. Oxidation is ..........

Back 12

The removal of electrons from an atom or molecule.

Front 13

Finish the sentence. Reduction is..........

Back 13

When something is reduced it gains electrons, resulting with the increaseof energy in that molecule

Front 14

When oxidation and reduction happen together what is it called?

Back 14

Redox reaction

Front 15

Why is oxidation so important in the human body?

Back 15

The process of oxidation is an energy releasing step, and is very important in the energy transfer in the body.

Front 16

What is a free radical, and what kind of damage does it go ?

Back 16

Are molecules or compounds that have an unpaired electron in their outer shell. Because they want to stabilise their outer shell they become destructive and steal electrons from other stable molecules.

Front 17

List 3 things the contribute to our free radical load

Back 17

1. Normal aerobic respiration

2. inflamation

3. X-rays

Front 18

What is an antioxidant and how does it work?

Back 18

Antioxidants work by donating an electron to the free radicals to convert them to a harmless molecule.

A good antioxidant must be stable once it has given away it's electron! (i.e vitamin C)

Front 19

What are the 2 types of bonding

Back 19

Electrovalence bonding (ionic bonding)

Covalent bonding

Front 20

What are the 4 most electronegative elements?

Back 20

1. Fluorine

2. Chlorine

3. Oxygen

4. Nitrogen

Front 21

What is an elecrolyte?

Back 21

An ionic compound e.g. salt, when dissolved in a solution is called an electrolyte, they are so named because they conduct electricity.

Front 22

Give 3 important biological functions of electrolyte.

Back 22

1. They cconduct electricity which is essential for nerve and muscle function

2. They exert osmotic pressure important for water balance

3. They play an important role in acid-base balance, acting as buffers.

Front 23

What is an acid

Back 23

An acid is a substance that releases a high amount of H+ ions when dissolved in water.

Front 24

What is a base

Back 24

A base is a substance that binds hydrogen ions in solution. This creates lots of OH-

Front 25

What is the scale used to measure acidity and basicity?

Back 25

The pH scale.

Front 26

where does water appear of the Ph scale?

Back 26

7

Front 27

What are buffers within the body? and give an example.

Back 27

Buffers are substances that maintain the H+ concentration in the body within normal limits.

Some buffers bind H+ ions and others bind to OH- reducing circulating levels and preventing damaging changes in pH

Front 28

What does the law of conservation of energy state.

Back 28

Energy is never lost, it only changes state.

Energy will move from being potential(stored) to kinetic (movement)

Front 29

Name 4 types of energy?

Back 29

1.Solid.

2.Liquid.

3.Gases.

3.Plasmas

Front 30

What is an endothermic reaction?

Back 30

An endothermic reaction is one that takes in heat to use for energy.

Front 31

Give 3 physical properties a chemical reaction can be affected by.

Back 31

Temperature

Acidity

Increased pressure

Front 32

Explain what a catalyst does

Back 32

A catalyst speeds up reactions by lowing the activation energy required.

This means the reaction is faster or can occur at a lower temperature.

Front 33

What does an inhibitor do?

Back 33

Inhibitors act antagonistically to catalysts, they stop the catalyst from being so effective making the activation energy higher again.

This slows the reaction time down or means higher temperatures are needed to make the reaction 'go'

Front 34

Give 3 examples of carbohydrates

Back 34

1. Starches

2. Cellulose

3. Sugars

Front 35

What are the 3 elements that carbohydrates made of.

Back 35

CH2O

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Front 36

Name the 2 types of starch.

Back 36

1. Amylose

2. Amylopectin

Front 37

What is glycogen and what is it used for?

Back 37

Glycogen is a polysaccharide of glucose which functions as the primary short term energy storage.

Front 38

suggest 3 functions of carbohydrate.

Back 38

1. Providing energy

2. breakdown of fatty acids

2. Essential for fat oxidation

Front 39

Which 3 elements are lipids made up of?

Back 39

Lipids contain the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen (like carbohydrates but in a different ratio)

Front 40

What is different about the elements and bonding in lipids compared to carbohydrates?

Back 40

Lipids have fewer polar OH groups so they are Hydrophobic.

Front 41

In what form are lipids transported around the body?

Back 41

They are often bonded to a protein to make them more soluble. They are called lipoproteins

Front 42

Give 3 functions of triglycerides

Back 42

1. Source of energy

2. Protection to body parts (i.g organs)

3. Insulation

Front 43

Name 5 functions of EFA's

Back 43

1. Synthesis of prostaglandins

2. Support the production of digestive enzymes

3. Bone formation and repair

Front 44

What is a lipoprotein ?

Back 44

A lipoprotein is a fat molecule that has been joined to a protein molecule, enabling the lipid to move around the blood stream.

Front 45

High density lipoproteins

Which type of lipoprotein do we refer to as good cholesterol?

Back 45

High density lipoproteins (HDL)

Front 46

What is the role of bile in fat digestion?

Back 46

Bile salts emulsify the fat

Front 47

What is the role of pancreatic lipase in fat production?

Back 47

It breaks triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Front 48

Give the names of the four different categories of amino acid.

Back 48

1. Hydroxyl group

2. Sulfhydryl

3. Carbonyl Group

4.Carboxyl

Front 49

What is an essential amino acid, and one example.

Back 49

Essential amino acids cannot be made in the body so have to come from diet. an example of these are Alanine.