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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types of Chemical bonding
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1)Covalent Bond
2) Non-cobalent bonds ***AKA weak forces, interactions ***Ionic bonds ***hydrogen bonds ***van der waals interaction ***hydrophobic interactions |
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Covalent bond
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Chemical bond that involves the shearing of electrons between 2 atoms
***primarily between H,C,O,N atoms |
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Bond dissociation energy
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The energy required to break a chemical bond
***related to bond stength ...length of the bond ***cobalent bonds are particularly strong bonds |
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Non Covalent interactions
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Why do these matter
*** H bond, ionic, hydrophobic and van der walls interactionare individually weak by collectively influence the 3D structure of proteins nucleic acids polysaccharides and lipids |
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Hydrogen bonds
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An electrostatic interaction between an electro negative atom and the hydrogen atom cobalently bonded to another electronegtive atom
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electronegativity
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measures the ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself in a covalent bond
(rank of electronegative atoms H<C<N<O) |
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Ionic bonds aka Salt bridges
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Electostatic interactions between 2 atoms / molecules with formal charges (transfer of electrons)
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Dielectric constant
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The ability of the solbent to disrupt or shild the bond. The larger the number teh weaker the bond
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Hydrophobic interactions
(not a bond) |
Describes the tendency of a nonpolar solute to come together when placed in a polor envroment
oildoes not mix with water |
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Thermodynamics
Free energy and Deltal G |
1) Gibbs free energy
***The componet of the total energy of a system that can do work at a constant temp and pressure Delta G *** The change in free energy ***the amount of energy released (-delta G) or the absorbed (+ delta G) in a RXN at a constent temp and pressure |
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Exergonic RXN
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1) RXN w / -Delta G
2) RXN release free energy and are spontaneous |
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Endergonic RXN
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1) RXN w/ + delta G
2) RXN absorbs free energy and are nonspontanous |
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Spontaneous RXN
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A spontaneous RXN is one that given inital condition, will proceed in the direction of the production of products to reach equilibrum
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What determines if a RXN is exergonic or endergonic
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ΔG=ΔH-TΔS
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ΔH----Enthalpy
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A mesure of the heat content of a given molecule or system, the number and types of bonds
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Exothermic RXN
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1) RXN with -ΔH
2)RXN that increses the temp of suroundings |
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Endothermic RXN
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1)RXN with +ΔH
2)RXN that decreases the temp of the suroundings |
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ΔS --- Entropy
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Amesure of disorder and randomness
-ΔS = less disorder / more order +ΔS = more disorder / less oreder |
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2nd law of thermodynamics
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the entropy of the universe is increasing (+ΔS)
many cases processos tha have -ΔS, these cases we are only considering the system and on the systme plus its surroundings. |
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H2O(l) ------> H2O(g)
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-ΔG = exegonic RX (spontainous)
-ΔH = endothermic (breaking bonds) +ΔS = more disorder (more freedom of motion) |
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Hydrophobic effect
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non polar cneter and polar edge
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Equilibrium
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The point in a chemical RXN where the rate of forward RXN is equal to the rate of the reverse RXN
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Keq
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Concetration of products over reatents
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