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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How is pH used to determine the strength of acids and bases?
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pH measures tha hydrogen ion concentration and that tells the degree of acidity or basicity
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What is the difference between a weak and a strong acid?
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Weak acids slightly dissociate in water and strong acids highky dissociate in water
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Name the 6 basic nutrient groups.
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water, minerals, vitamins, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
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What is meant by digestion?
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the breakdown of food into small enough peices to be passed through intestinal wall to be used by body
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Why are minerals necessary for the body?
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they aid in many functions of the body such as thyroid function-iodine, rbc production-iron
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Why are vitamins necessary for the body?
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they help enzymes work and they help in important functions of the body and structure such as bone formation
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What are two purposes of food?
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fill energy needs and provide raw materials.
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Describe the digestion and metabolism of proteins.
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stomach acids and enzymes break peptide linnkages that hold protein together and break the proteins into amino acids
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Describe the digestion and metabolism of lipids.
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lipids are broken down by enzymes and bile salts. they breakdown fats into smaller components so they can travel through intestinal wall and into bloodstream.
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Describe the digestion and matabolism of carbohydrates
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stomach acid and ezymes convert carbs into monosaccharides. carbs are polysaccharides joined by acetal linkages, so the stomach acids and ezymes break these linkages and make monosaccharides
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What is the basis of chemical transport in the body?
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chemical transport involves nutrients, chemicals, 02, c02, being moved through the body either by hydrogen bonding, suspension, or hemoglobin transport
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How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in the body?
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o2 attaches to the heme portion of the hemoglobin and goes to the cells. the co2 attaches to the heme and then is exhaled or used as a buffer
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How do kidneys clean the blood?
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blood goes through kidneys and filters the waster in the blood and is eliminated by urine.
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What is meant by metabolism?
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The sum total of all the chemical reactions in teh body that are involved in the maintenance of the dynamic state of the cell
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What are two effects of free radical damage?
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damaged blood vessels, heart disease
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Why is glycogen called a storage carbohydrate?
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Because it is stored for future use, as energy for muscles. When glucose levels drop, glycogen breaks down to provide glucose.
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How do buffer systems work in the body?
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Buffer resists attemps to change pH upon addition of small amounts of hydrogen or hydroxyl ions
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What are weak and strong electrolytes?
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Weak electrolytes slightly dissociate in solution. Strong electrolytes highly dissociate in solution.
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Brifely discuss prion based disease.
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prion disease occurs when the shape becomes misfolded. these have a chain reaction and make more altered cells. They eat away at the brain until death.
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What are the effects of antioxidants in the body?
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antioxidants produce electrons that are needed to neutralize free radicals
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What is the function of blood?
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To transport oxygen from lungs to tissues, co2 from tissues to lungs, nutrients from digestive system to tissues.
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What is meant by the tetravalent nature of carbon?
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each carbon atom has four bonds
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What is the function of hormones?
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chemical messengers synthesized by glands that affect target tissues in the body where a response occurs.
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How can enzymes be used in clinical diagnoses?
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Certain enzymes are normally found exclusively in cells and are released into blood only when cells are damaged or destroyed
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How do enzymes functions in the body?
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Enzymes catalyze reactions in the body that would otherwise not happen as fast.
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Which fats are healthier for the body?
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unsaturated fats because they have double bonds which interfere with packins so they are less likely to clog arteries.
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What is the function of cellulose in the body?
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It provides dietary fiber and stimulates the contraction of the intestines and aids in the passage of food through digestive tract
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What is the function of glucose in the body?
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glucose is a sugar transported by the blood to body tissues to satisfy energy needs.
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Name two functions of carbohydrates.
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store chemical energy and provide energy through oxidation
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What is meant by optical isomerism.
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A spatial arrangement around a chiral carbon. they have configurations in space such that on structure is the mirror image of the other but is not identical to it.
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What are the functions of HDL and LDL in the body?
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HDL transports cholesterol to the liver. Allow excess cholesterol to pass through bloodstream without plaque buildup. LDL carries cholesterol throughout the body, transported to body tissues where needed
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What is the purpose of bile salts?
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bile salts are oxidation products of cholesterol. which disperse lipids into the small intestine into fine emulsions to help digestion
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Define two types of proteins.
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Fibrous proteins-primarily used for structural purposes(hair, nails) globular proteins- used for nonstructural puposes like transporting protein throughout the body
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Describe a function of amino acid in the body.
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structure- hair, nails, skin
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Explain the effect of cholesterol in the body.
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important raw materials needed for synthesis of hormones and bile acids and can cause build up in arteries
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