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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acid
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A substance that can donate protons.
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Amphipathic
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A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
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Anions
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An ion with an overall negative charge
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Base
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A substance that can accept protons.
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Buffered
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A solution of an acid and its conjugate base that resists changes in pH
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Cations
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An ion with an overall positive charge
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Chaotrope
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A substance that enhances the solubility of nonpolar compounds in water by disrupting regularities in hydrogen bonding among water molecules. Concentrated solutions, such as urea and guanidinium salts, decrease the hydrophobic effect and are thus effective protein denaturants
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Charge-Charge Interactions
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A noncovalent electrostatic interaction between two charged particles
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Conjugate Acid
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The product resulting from the gain of a proton by a base
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Conjugate Base
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The product resulting from the loss of proton by an acid
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Denatured
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A disruption in the native conformation of a biological macromolecule that results in loss of the biological activity of the macromolecule
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Electrolytes
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molecules that can dissociate to form ions
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Electrophile
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A positively charged or electron-deficient species that is attracted to chemical species that are negatively charged or contain unshared electron pairs (nucleophiles)
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Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
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pH = pKa + log(proton acceptor/proton donor)
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hydrated
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A state in which a molecule or ion is surrounded by water
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hydrogen bond
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A weak electrostatic interaction formed when a hydrogen atom bonded covalently to a strongly electronegative atom also bonds to the unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom
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hydrophilic
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"water loving" polar
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hydrophobic
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"water fearing" nonpolar
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hydrophobic effect
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The exclusion of hydrophobic groups or molecules by water. appears to depend on the increase in entropy of solvent water molecules that are released from an ordered arrangement around the hydrophobic group
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hydrophobic interaction
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A weak, non-covalent interaction between non-polar molecules or substituents that results from the strong association of water molecules with one another. Such association leads to the shielding or exclusion of non-polar molecules from an aqueous environment.
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Ion Pairing
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An electrostatic interaction between ionic groups of opposite charges within the interior of a macromolecule such as a globular protein
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micelle
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An aggregation of amphipathic molecules in which the hydrophilic portions of the molecules project into the aqueous environment and the hydrophobic portions associated with one another in the interior of the structure to minimize contact with water molecules.
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Nucleophile
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An electron-rich species that is negatively charged or contains unshared electron paris and is attracted to chemical species that are positively charged or electron deficient (electrophiles)
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Osmosis
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The movement of solvent molecules from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution
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Osmotic Pressure
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The pressure required to prevent the flow of solvent from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution
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pH
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A logarithmic quantity that indicates the acidity of a solution, that is, the concentration of hydronium ions in solution. is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration
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pKa
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A logarithmic value that indicates the strength of an acid. is defined as the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant, Ka
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polar
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Having uneven distribution of charge. A molecule or functional group is if its center of negative charge does not coincide with its center of positive charge
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Solvated
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A state in which a molecule or ion is surrounded by solvent molecules
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Solvational Sphere
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The shell of solvent molecules that surrounds an ion or solute
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Van der Waals forces
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A weak intermolecular force produced between neutral atoms by transient electrostatic interactions. attraction is strongest when atoms are separated by the sum of their radii; strong repulsion precludes closer approach
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