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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define abiogenesis aka spontaneous generation |
Is the belief that living organisms could arise spontaneously in a few days of weeks from nonliving matter |
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Hemont |
Support, placed grains grains of wheat on a sweaty shirt. After 21 days the wheat was gone and mice were there |
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Redi |
Oppose, put meat in in jars and tightly sealed some. Then he put gauze on instead and still no maggots got in |
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Leeuwenhoek |
Support, hay or soil was placed in sterile water and after a few hours millions of microrganisms appeared |
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Needham |
Support, boiled broth for a longer period of time than leeuwenhoek, then sealed it in jars and after several days there were microrganisms present |
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Spallanzani |
Oppose, boiled broth and sealed it in a flask and no microrganisms appeared |
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What did spallanzani "destroy" that made people skeptical of the experiment |
The active principal |
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Pasteur |
Oppose, filled flasks with nutrient broth, heated the necks, drew them out in an s shape leaving ends open. Fresh air could reach the broth but microrganisms got stuck in the tube |
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Biogenesis |
The theory that living organisms originate only from other living things |
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How old is our universe |
14.7 billion years old |
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How old is the earth |
4.6 bya |
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Four games found in primitive earth's atmosphere |
Carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen, suffer gases |
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Which layer of the earth makes the continents and the ocean floor |
Crust |
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The continents and the oceans floors float on top of which layer of the earth |
Mantle |
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What 3 elements make up the inner and outer core |
Iron, nickle, uranium |
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Theory of continental drift |
Theory that continents have moved to their present positions on earth due to its movement of the mantle |
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4 types of evidence of supports the theory of continental drift |
The continents fit into eachother, similar Rock structures, similar fossils where continents meet, similar climates |
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Theory of plate tectonics |
That the earth's crust and upper part of the mantle are broken into sections, called plates, that slowly move around the top of the mantle |
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Describe how the Internal structure of the earth contributes to continental drift and plate tectonics |
Hot, plastic like material of the mantle rises upward, moves horizontally, cools, and then sinks back into the mantle. The movement of this material sets up convection currents, which push the plates around the surface of the earth |
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What is sea floor spreading |
When plates move away from eachother |
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What is a rift valley |
When plates move on Continent |
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4 conditions scientists agree are necessary for life to evolve on earth from nonliving materials |
Energy, protection, concentration, and catalysts |
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Oparin's hypothesis aka heterotroph hypothesis |
Physical and chemical conditions on the earth billions of years ago were very different from those today |
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Summarize the Miller-Urey experiment |
In a flask, Miller created a replica of the Earth's early atmosphere based upon the scientific knowledge of his day. He mixed methane, ammonia, hydrogen gas with water vapor and exposed the flask to ultraviolet light and electronic sparks to stimulate sunlight and lightning on primitive earth. In a few days and organic soup of complex molecules formed |
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Amino acids and nucleic acids may have on earth according to evidence presented by Oparin and the Miller-Urey experiment. What is another way they came to exist on earth |
They were brought in meteors |
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What is the name of the molecule that can act both like rna and an enzyme, and can make more rna molecules |
Ribozyme |
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What is most likely the first type of genetic material that existed on earth |
Pieces of rna of "naked genes" |
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Explain how the first molecules of DNA most likely formed from rna molecules |
DNA molecules would evolve later from 2 combining strands of rna, in a major mutation that was superior because the double strand of DNA into more easily repaired after damage than the single strand of DNA |
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Microspheres, coacervates, and liposomes formed in laboratory experiments without the direction from any type of genetic material. Explain how these structures are as used as evidence for the development of life on earth |
The first cells formed near a volcanic vent far beneath the ocean, not in a shallow pool at the surface where ultraviolet light and x-rays would decompose the organic compounds |
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Why is it most likely true cells on earth, prokaryotes, were anaerobic heterotrophs |
Because they resemble the bacteria we have today- archaebacteria |
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Explain how photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, that released gas into the air , changed life on earth |
Created a lot of the air in our atmosphere. The production of oxygen gas made it possible for new forms of life to evolve; life forms that used oxygen to make energy - more than anearobes |
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What is the significance of the ozone layer |
Shields living things from dangerous rays and allows life to persist |
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Define endosymbiosis |
When one organism lives inside another for the benefit of both |
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How did sexual reproduction between cells affect the evolution of life on earth |
The advent of sexual reproduction catapulted the process of evolution forward at far greater speeds than ever before. The mixing and creation of new genetic combinations allowed for a wide variety of variations |
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Define primate |
A group of mammals that includes humans, apes, and monkeys |
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List 2 distinctive features of primates, compared to other mammals |
Well developed grasping hands and opposable thumbs |
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Which group were the first primates on earth |
Prosimians |
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Define hominid |
Hominids are humanlike primates that include the early human ancestors and their dependents including modern day humans |
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One characteristic that distinguishes hominids from all other primates |
Bipedalism |
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Where did hominids first appear |
Eastern Africa |
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What are the 3 main groups of hominids |
Ardipithicus, austrailapithicus, and homo |
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Review table in study guide |
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What does bipedal mean |
The ability to consistently walk on 2 feet |
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Which of the characteristics on the table were important skeletal changes that made bipedalism possible |
The spinal cord exiting from the bottom of the skull, pelvis shape, spine shape, knee position |
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Why was Lucy a major discovery in terms of what we now know about human evolution |
Was the first hominid fossil that showed scientists that bipedalism developed before a lager brain developed |
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According to the plant and mammal fossils along with Ardi, what was the type of environment on which this hominid lived |
The habitat was grassy woodlands with patches of true forests |
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What is the new hypothesis of how humans changed since our last common ancestor with the chimpanzee |
Suggests that our last common ancestor with chimpanzees was a Palm walker |
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What is the new hypothesis of how chimpanzees have changed since our last common ancestor |
It is now apparent it was the chimpanzees that have greatly specialized since our last common ancestor, and thus, are poor models for understanding how humans acquired our ability to walk upright |
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Explain how having different hominids living at the same time, with only one surviving and leading to modern humans fits into the theory of natural selection |
Species with adaptions out lived those without due to environmental changes and evolved into the species we have today |
