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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Asexual reproduction is associated with
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mitosis
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sexual reproduction is associated with
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meiosis
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what is differentiation?
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when cells become specialized and lock up unused genes
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what are three examples of undifferentiated, unlocked genes?
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zygotes, stem cells, and germ cells
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what is cell specialization?
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when cells alter and express different genes to do different jobs
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The bigger something is, the ______ the surface to volume ratio.
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smaller
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what is a typical size of an efficient cell?
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1-100 [weird m]m
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What are two outside signals that control cell division?
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hormones and prostaglandin
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what are two inside signals that controll cell division?
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check points and cyclin
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what does cancer originate from?
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multiple mutations on DNA
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what is a tumor or cancer cells telling other cells what to do known as?
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angiogenesis
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what are three characteristics of cancer?
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benign-containing, malignant, and metastasized
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what are two treatments to cancer?
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chemotherapy drugs and radiation [EMR, XRAY, GAMMA]
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what is the 'fabric' of chromosomes?
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chromatin
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What does DNA become wound up in?
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histone proteins
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What are the three parts of interphase?
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G1 - working life, eating, growing
S - DNA synthesis [DNA copied] G2 - proteins are made; cell's structure is broken down |
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What are thre four phases of mitosis?
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prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telephase
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Describe prophase. [4]
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longest, nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes form, asters separate
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Describe metaphase. [3]
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chromosomes align in middle, spindle fibers attach, centromere splits
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Describe anaphase. [1]
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chromosomes are separated:
^ ^ v v |
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Describe telephase.[3]
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no more spindlefibers, multinucleated cell, microfilaments push in to divide cell
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What is cytokinesis?
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the process of a plant making a cell wall in between 2 nuclei in one cell in order to divide
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What does meiosis work in tandem with?
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fertilization
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What is the purpose of meiosis?
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to make sure every generation has the same number of chromosomes
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What does meiosis produce?
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haploid gametes, unidentical daughter cells, and gender
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What are the two stages of cell division in meiosis?
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meiosis I and meiosis II
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What occurs in meiosis I?
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homologous chromosomes pair, crossover, homologous chromosomes separate
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What occurs in meiosis II?
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it's very similar to mitosis [2 cells become 4 cells]
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What are the two main stages of cell division in eukaryotes?
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mitosis and cytokinesis
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what is binary fission?
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a bacteria's way of producing two identical 'daughter' cells by replicating DNA and dividing in 1/2
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What is a chromatid?
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a chromosomes "identical twin"
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what is crossover?
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an exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes
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what are polar bodies?
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the other three cells created in meiosis for females that are not the egg
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