Bio Chapter 7

Front 1

Distinguish between proks and euks. What domains are composed of proks and euks?

Back 1

Proks have no nucleus, and instead have a nucleoid which is an area of concentrated DNA. Euks have the nucleus, which is a membrane bound organelle that contains chromosomes, the DNA of euks.

Front 2

Describe cytoplasm and the nuclear envelope.

Back 2

The cytoplasm is the region between the nucleus and the membrane in euks, and the interior of a prok. The nuclear envelope is the membrane of the nucleus.

Front 3

Plant and animal cells, what are their same and different structures?

Back 3

Similar: Cytoskeleton, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, nucleus, plasma membrane, proxisome. Plants also have the chloroplasts, the central vacoule, tonoplast, cell wall, and plasmodesmata. Animals: Lysosomes, centrioles, flagella.

Front 4

What do the following organelles do: Nucleus, plasma membrane, lysosomes, cell wall, central vacuole.

Back 4

The nucelus stores the DNA. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and decides what comes and goes in, the cell wall protects the plant and prevents it from bursting, the central vacuole stores stuff, breaksdown waste, digests stuff. The lysosome is where macromolecules are hydrolyzed.

Front 5

What is the cell wall made out of?

Back 5

Cellulose, other polysaccs, and proteins.

Front 6

Structure and function of lysosomes? Phagocytosis? How are hydrolytic enzymes related?

Back 6

It is a membranous sac that contains hydrolytic enzymes. Phagocytosis is when a cell engulfs food particiles or smaller organisms. The lysosome fuses with it to digest it, and the enzymes inside speed up the digestion of the particle(s).

Front 7

The functions of vacuoles?

Back 7

They can store food, pump water out of the cell, and the central one can store, dispose of, protection, and growth.

Front 8

How are cell membranes fluid? What compoments help stabilize this and how?

Back 8

Phospholipids can move past each other and even flip flop sometimes. Unsaturated fatty acids makes it more fluid because of the bent tail. Cholesterol, at high temps makes it less fluid because it gets in the way of movement. At low temps it stops solidification by preventing them from grouping together.

Front 9

Explain the selective permeability of the membrane. What features of it determine this permeability?

Back 9

Somethings pass through easily while others struggle to get in. The structure and properties of the phospholipid bilayer and the transport proteins.

Front 10

How do the following move across the plasma membrane: hydrophobic molecules, small uncharged, ions, large polar. How do transport proteins help in this process?

Back 10

Uncharged and hydrophobic easily pass through, while ions and charged will need some help to get through quickly. Transport proteins help by moving them across the membrane.

Front 11

What is diffusion? What is concentration gradient and passive transport?

Back 11

Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to spread out evenly through space. The concentration gradient is the concentration difference. Passive transport is transport that does not require cells to expend energy.

Front 12

What will happen to a cell in an isotonic solution? Hypotonic? Hypertonic?

Back 12

Iso: it will remain the same. Hypo: Less nonpenetrating solute outside. Free water has a higher concentration outside. It will gain water and might burst if it doesn't have a cell wall or contractile vacuole. Hyper: More nonpenetrating solute outside. Free water at higher concentration inside of cell. Water leaves the cell and into the outside where there is less free water potential.

Front 13

How do cells maintain their water balance? Also, talk about the states of solution for plant cells.

Back 13

It conducts osmoregulation, for which it can live in an isotonic environment, contractile vacuole, cell wall. Turgid is the healthy state for most plant cells. It is in hypo. In iso, it is flaccid. In hyper, it is in plasmolysis.

Front 14

What is facilitated diffusion, difference between channel proteins and carrier proteins? Talk about gated channels as well.

Back 14

Facilitated is when there is no energy required for the cells to move but the proteins around the membrane are still used. Channel proteins are proteins that allow specific molecules through. They span the entire width of the membrane. Carrier proteins pick up the molecules and take them to where they are needed. Gated channels require stimulus to open or close, but otherwise like normal channel.

Front 15

Difference between active and passive transport?

Back 15

Active: It move against concentration gradient, from low to high, the direction of transport is altered energy is used, and it moves through carrier proteins, endo, and exocytosis.

Front 16

Explain how molecules can move across a membrane against their concentration gradient by means of active transport.

Back 16

Active transport utilizes energy to do so. Can be done via the protein pumps (endo and exocytosis).

Front 17

How are membrane potentials and electrochemical gradients created by ion transport mechanisms such as the sodium-potassium pump?

Back 17

The pump pumps out postively charged ions outside of the cell, causing the liquid just outside the membrane to be slightly positive, and the liquid just inside of the cell slightly negative. This is because it moves 3 positive sodium ions for every 2 potassium ions it takes in, creating a net change of losing one charge. This also creates an electrochemical gradient in which the ions want to move inside the cell to get that negative charge. They have to defuse to both chemical and electrochemical.

Front 18

How do particles and liquids move via exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis?

Back 18

Exocytosis is when the cell dumps particles outside of the cell via having a vesicle fuse with the membrane and ditching the components outside of the cell. Endocytosis has two possible ways of being done: the cell wraps extensions of the membrane around particles, and encloses them within a vacuole. Pincocytosis is when the membrane bends inwards, which fills up with liquid. It then closes it up and forms a vesicle with the liquid inside of it.