Bio Chapter 7

Front 1

What is a gene?

Back 1

-a string of codons (3 letter codes)
-specifies the entire amino acid sequence of a protein in DNA
-basic unit of heredity
-located on chromosomes on eukaryotes

Front 2

What is a polypeptide?

Back 2

a chain of amino acids linked by a peptide bond.

Front 3

What is DNA and where is it found?

Back 3

Genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents; double stranded with the bases adenine, lytosine, guanine, and thymine.
It is found in the nucleus.

Front 4

In between cell divisions, ________ exist in long threads of __________.

Back 4

Chromosomes, chromatin.

Front 5

Who was Rosalind Franklin and what did she do?

Back 5

She took pictures of DNA molecules, allowing Watson and Crick to propose the structure of the DNA.

Front 6

DNA is a sequental series of joined _________.

Back 6

nucleotides

Front 7

What is a nucleotide and what is it comprised of?

Back 7

-building blocks of nucleic acids
-5 carbon sugar

Front 8

What is a chromosome?

Back 8

A long DNA with millions of 3 letter codes.

Front 9

What are the 4 bases of DNA and which of these are paired together?

Back 9

-Adenine=Thymine
-Cytosine=-Guanine
-Guanine=-Cytosine
-Thymine=Adenine

Front 10

Hydrogen bonds in nucleic acids are _______.

Back 10

weak (so they can easily split apart)

Front 11

Anti parallel orientation ____ to ____.

Back 11

5 to 3

Front 12

Nucleic acids are composed of:

Back 12

Mononucleotides

Front 13

The backbone of nucleic acids are:

Back 13

ribose and phosphate

Front 14

What is a semi conservative replication model?

Back 14

A new strand is formed by pairing complementary bases with the old strand (DNA polymerase)

Front 15

What is RNA?

Back 15

Helper of DNA; single stranded; bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uricil.

Front 16

What are similarities of DNA and RNA?

Back 16

-nucleic acids
-composed of nucleotides
-sugar-phosphate backbone
-4 diff. types of bases

Front 17

DNA contains a ____ code.

Back 17

triplet

Front 18

Every three _____ represent one ____________.

Back 18

bases, amino acid

Front 19

What is a chain of amino acids called?

Back 19

polypeptide chain

Front 20

The total coding capacity is ____ codes.

Back 20

64

Front 21

Proteins are composed of _________.

Back 21

amino acids

Front 22

DNA cannot leave the _______.

Back 22

nucleus.

Front 23

What does mRNA do?

Back 23

encodes genetic info from DNA and conveys it to ribosomes where info is translated into amino acid sequences.

Front 24

Where does transcription take place?

Back 24

in the nucleus

Front 25

What are the steps in transcription?

Back 25

-DNA is used as template for creation of RNA using enzyme RNA polymerase.
-RNA polymerase reads the nucleotides on the template strand from '3 to '5 direction and creates an mRNA
-The new mRNA molecule is complementary to the template strand.

Front 26

Where does translation take place?

Back 26

cytoplasm

Front 27

What is rRNA?

Back 27

together with proteins makes up ribosomes; most abundant type of RNA

Front 28

What is tRNA?

Back 28

functions as interpretor in translation. Each tRNA molecule carries a specific anticodon, picks up a specific amino acid, and conveys the amino acid to the appropriate codon on mRNA.

Front 29

What is translation besides just protein synthesis?

Back 29

Having proper amino acid sequence.

Front 30

tRNA molecules bring ___________ to the ribosomes.

Back 30

amino acid

Front 31

What is genetic engineering?

Back 31

the use of technology to alter the genomes of organisms.

Front 32

What are two examples of transgenic bacteria?

Back 32

insulin and human growth hormone

Front 33

What is a genome?

Back 33

all the genetic info of an individual or species.

Front 34

What is a base sequence map?

Back 34

shows sequences of all base pairs and is complete for humans.

Front 35

What is a genetic map?

Back 35

Shows locations of genes along each chromosome and is unfinished for humans.

Front 36

Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics b/c of his discovery of:

Back 36

the principles of genetics

Front 37

What is the base triplet that is the complementary sequence to a codon of mRNA that the tRNA contain?

Back 37

anticodons

Front 38

The product of replication is:

Back 38

DNA

Front 39

What represents the arrangement of the backbone of the DNA molecule?

Back 39

sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate

Front 40

The enzyme associated with DNA replication is called:

Back 40

DNA polymerase

Front 41

A unit of 3 consecutive nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a single amino acid is called a:

Back 41

codon

Front 42

How many chromosomes are present in the human sperm?

Back 42

23

Front 43

Who discovered the double helix structure of DNA?

Back 43

Watson and Crick

Front 44

What three things are a nucleotides comprised of?

Back 44

Base, sugar, phosphate

Front 45

What kind of bonds are there between the complimentary bases in DNA?

Back 45

Hydrogen Bonds

Front 46

Does DNA have parallel or anti-parallel orientation?

Back 46

Anti Parallel

Front 47

If there are 4 amino acids in a polypeptide chain, how many bases were in the mRNA strand?

Back 47

12

Front 48

If there were 12 bases in a strand of mRNA, how many amino acids would be in the polypeptide strand it coded for?

Back 48

4

Front 49

Multicellular organisms start out as one cell called a:

Back 49

zygote

Front 50

How many hydrogen bonds do guanine and cytosine have?

Back 50

3

Front 51

How many hydrogen bonds do adenine and thymine have?

Back 51

2

Front 52

Each cell has up to ___ meters of DNA condensed into it.

Back 52

3

Front 53

What are histones?

Back 53

Positively charged proteins that negatively charged DNA is highly condensed into to fit into a chromosome.

Front 54

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by _____ the activation energy of the reaction.

Back 54

lowering