Bio Chapter 7

Front 1

What is photosynthesis?

Front 2

Formula for photosynthesis

Back 2

6co2+6h20 --> c6h12o6+6o2

Front 3

autotrophs

Back 3

Photosynthetic organisms
“self- feeders”

Front 4

Flattened leaf shape

Back 4

Large surface area to catch
sunlight

Front 5

Epidermis

Back 5

upper and lower
leaf surfaces

Front 6

Cuticle

Back 6

waxy, waterproof, on
outer surfaces, reduces water
evaporation

Front 7

Stomata

Back 7

adjustable
pores which allow for entry
of CO2

Front 8

Mesophyll

Back 8

cell layes
containing majority of
chloroplast

Front 9

Vascular bundles

Back 9

(veins)
supply water and minerals
to the mesophyll

Front 10

The ability to photosynthesize is
directly related to ...

Back 10

the structure
of chloroplasts

Front 11

Chloroplasts

Back 11

are
organelles consisting of
photosynthetic pigments,
enzymes, and other
molecules grouped together
in membranes
– Chloroplast as the major
site of photosynthesis in
green plants

Front 12

Thylakoids

Back 12

Contains chlorophyll*

Front 13

grana

Back 13

Stacks of Thylakoids

Front 14

Chlorophyll

Back 14

an important light
absorbing pigment in chloroplasts,
is responsible for the green color
of plants
– Chlorophyll plays a central role in
converting solar energy to
chemical energy

Front 15

Stroma

Front 16

Chloroplasts are concentrated in
the cells of the _________ the
green tissue in the interior of the
leaf

Back 16

mesophyll

Front 17

Stomata

Back 17

are tiny pores in the leaf
that allow carbon dioxide to enter
and oxygen to exit

Front 18

Veins in the leaf deliver .....

Back 18

water absorbed by roots

Front 19

Leaves also use veins to ...

Back 19

export
sugar to roots and other
nonphotosynthetic parts of the
plant.

Front 20

An envelope of two
membranes encloses the
______ the dense fluid within
the chloroplast

Back 20

stroma

Front 21

A system of interconnected
membranous sacs called
_______ segregates the
stroma from another
compartment, the thylakoid
space

Back 21

thylakoids

Front 22

Thylakoids are
concentrated in stacks
called ______

Back 22

grana

Front 23

The energy produced by the sun,
reaches the earth as

Back 23

electromagnetic radiation
(electromagnetic energy)

Front 24

Electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing energy

Back 24

radio waves
microwaves
infrared
visible light
UV
X rays
Gamma rays

Front 25

Absorption Spectrum

Back 25

graph that
shows which wavelengths of light
a pigment absorbs most

Front 26

For photosynthesis – the “visible
light” area is important;

Back 26

is
energetic enough to power
reaction, but not damage cells

Front 27

The colors of fall foliage in certain
parts of the world are due

Back 27

yellow-orange hues of longer
lasting carotenoids that show through
once the green chlorophyll breaks
down.

Front 28

When light strikes an object, it is either...

Back 28

absorbed
-produces heat or drives reactions
reflected or transmitted -reaches your eyes and produce color

Front 29

Chloroplast contain pigment
molecules that...

Back 29

absorb different
wavelengths

Front 30

chlorophyll A – main pigment;

Back 30

absorbs violet, blue, red
and reflects green (gives plant its
color)

Front 31

Accessory pigments

Back 31

collects “extra”
energy and passes it onto the
primary pigment.

Front 32

Chlorophyll b

Back 32

absorbs blue and
orange and reflects yellow-green.

Front 33

The carotenoids

Back 33

absorb mainly bluegreen
light and reflect yellow and
red/orange

Front 34

Light is taken in by

Back 34

the leaves

Front 35

Photosynthesis is driven by part of the visible light spectrum – mainly...

Back 35

blue and red parts of the
wavelengths

Front 36

The energy released could be lost as heat or light but is conserved and is passed on from one molecule to another molecule. All of the components to accomplish this are organized in the...

Back 36

thylakoid membranes called
photosystems

Front 37

Photosystems

Back 37

Energy is passed on from
one molecule to another
until it reaches the reaction
center

Front 38

reaction center

Back 38

contains chlorophyll a and
the primary electron
accepter

Front 39

primary electron
accepter

Back 39

capable of
doing just that – accepts
electrons (thus becomes
reduced)

Front 40

Using a heavy isotope of
oxygen, 18O, they showed
with tracer experiments that

Back 40

O2 actually comes from H2O

Front 41

Light Dependent Reaction: location

Back 41

Thylakoid

Front 42

Light Dependent Reaction: requirements

Front 43

Light Dependent Reaction: products

Back 43

– Chemical energy
– NADP(energy carrier)
– ATP (energy carrier)
– Oxygen (the water is
split to provide the O2
and electrons)

Front 44

H+ ions reduce NADP+ to
_______, which is an electron
carrier similar to NADH

Back 44

NADPH
– NADPH is temporarily
stored and then shuttled
into the Calvin cycle where
it is used to make sugar

Front 45

Light dependent reactions are
initiated when photons of light
hit ____, energizing electrons

Back 45

PSII

Front 46

_____ in the photosystem II
absorb light and pass energy to
a ________ of PSII

Back 46

Pigments
reaction center

Front 47

Energized ______leave the
center and are passed to
adjacent electron transport chain

Back 47

electrons

Front 48

As electrons are transported
down the ETC’s, high energy
____ is synthesized

Back 48

ATP

Front 49

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION: Location

Back 49

Stroma

Front 50

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION: reactants

Front 51

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION: products

Front 52

Rubisco

Back 52

enzyme

Front 53

Ribulose Bisphospate (RuBP)

Back 53

5 carbon sugar

Front 54

Calvin cycle functions like

Back 54

sugar factory with in the chloroplast

Front 55

The calvin cycle constructs an energy- rich ...

Back 55

three carbon sugar glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
-plant can use to make glucose and other organic molecules

Front 56

Calvin cycle: Carbon fixation

Back 56

enzyme rubisco attaches CO2 to RuBP
- splits into 2 molecules of three carbon organic acid 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA)
- for every 3 Co2 entering six 3-PGA results

Front 57

Calvin cycle: Reduction

Back 57

NADPH reduces the organic acid 3-PGA to G3P with the assistance of ATP
6 3-PGA --> 6 G3P

Front 58

Calvin cycle: Release of one molecule of G3P

Back 58

1 G3P --> glucose or other
5 remaining G3P

Front 59

Calvin cycle: Regeneration of RuBP

Back 59

Using energy from ATP to regenerate three molecules of RuBP
- forming 3 RuBP molecules

Front 60

greenhouse effect

Back 60

results from solar energy
warming our planet
– Gases in the atmosphere (often called greenhouse
gases), including CO2, reflect heat back to Earth,
keeping the planet warm and supporting life

Front 61

global warming

Back 61

Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases
– The extraordinary rise in CO2 is mostly due to the
combustion of carbon-based fossil fuels
– The consequences of continued rise will be melting of
polar ice, changing weather patterns, and spread of
tropical disease

Front 62

Ozone

Back 62

Ozone provides a protective layer (the ozone layer) in
our atmosphere to filter out powerful ultraviolet
radiation
– Dr. Molina showed that industrial chemicals called
chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, deplete the ozone layer