Bio Chapter 3

Front 1

Lactose intolerant

Back 1

lack enzyme lactase

Front 2

Carbon based molecules are called?

Back 2

Organic compounds

Front 3

By sharing electrons, carbon can?

Back 3

bond to four other atoms
--permits diverse compounds
--can branch in 4 directions
--tetravalence

Front 4

_____ is one of the simplest organic compounds

Back 4

Methane
-- four covalent bonds link hour hydrogen atoms to the carbon atom

Front 5

Each of the four line in the formula for methane represents a pair of _______

Back 5

shared electrons

Front 6

compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen?

Back 6

hydrocarbons

Front 7

carbon skeleton

Back 7

chain of carbon atoms

Front 8

Carbon skeletons can be ____ or _____.

Back 8

branched or unbranched
--different compounds with the same molecular formula can be produced
***called Isomers**

Front 9

organic compound has unique properties that depend upon

Back 9

--size and shape of the molecule
--groups of atoms (functional groups) attached to it

Front 10

Functional group

Back 10

affects a biological molecule's function by participating in chemical reactions

Front 11

Hormones differ only in functional groups

Back 11

male and female sex hormones
--cause varied molecular actions
--results distinguishing features

Front 12

Hydrophilic

Back 12

water loving
--soluble in water
-- compounds containing functional groups

Front 13

hydroxyl group

Back 13

hydrogen bonded to an oxygen

Front 14

Carbonyl group

Back 14

a carbon linked
by a double bond to an oxygen atom

Front 15

carboxyl group

Back 15

consists of a
carbon double-bonded to both an
oxygen and a hydroxyl group

Front 16

Amino group

Back 16

composed of a
nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen
atoms and the carbon skeleton

Front 17

Phosphate group

Back 17

consists of a
phosphorus atom bonded to four
oxygen atoms

Front 18

Methyl group

Back 18

consists of carbon
bonded to three hydrogens; are
called methylated compounds

Front 19

4 classes of biological molecules

Back 19

--Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids
– Nucleic acids

Front 20

Called macromolecules because

Back 20

of there large size

Front 21

Polymers

Back 21

identical building blocks strung together

Front 22

monomers

Back 22

building blocks
– Amino acids chains make proteins
– Fatty acid chains make lipids
– Mono, di or polysaccharides make different carbohydrates

Front 23

monomers are linked together to form polymers through

Back 23

dehydration reactions
--which remove water

Front 24

hydrolysis

Back 24

polymers are broken apart by the addition of water

Front 25

Enzymes

Back 25

biological reactions (hydrolysis) are mediated by enzymes
--speed up chemical reactions

Front 26

sugar monomers

Back 26

monosaccarides
-glucose
-fructose

Front 27

polsaccharides

Back 27

monosaccarides can be hooked
together to form the
polysaccharides (e.g.
starch, glycogen,
cellulose)

Front 28

Monosaccharides are the main fuels
for

Back 28

cellular work

Front 29

Monosaccharides are also used
as raw materials____

Back 29

to manufacture
other organic molecules

Front 30

glucose is used in

Back 30

cellular
respiration

Front 31

disaccharide

Back 31

Two monosaccharides
(monomers) can bond
-- in a dehydration reaction

Front 32

fructose

Back 32

sweeter than
glucose, glucose atoms produced
from starch are rearranged to
make the glucose isomer,

Front 33

Polysaccharides

Back 33

are polymers of monosaccharides (the monomers)
– They can function in the cell as a storage molecule or as a
structural compound

Front 34

Starch

Back 34

storage polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers
and found in plants

Front 35

Glycogen

Back 35

storage polysaccharide composed of glucose, which is
hydrolyzed by animals when glucose is needed

Front 36

Cellulose

Back 36

polymer of glucose that forms plant cell walls

Front 37

Chitin

Back 37

polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build an
exoskeleton

Front 38

Starch

Back 38

storage polysaccharide composed
of glucose monomers and found in plants; helical
shape due to the bonds angle

Front 39

Plant and animal cells need ____ for energy. Plants
contain ____ granules from which they can withdraw
the glucose by _______

Back 39

Sugar
starch
hydrolysis

Front 40

Humans have enzymes that ______ plant starch to
provide a source of glucose

Back 40

hydrolyze

Front 41

Glycogen

Back 41

storage polysaccharide composed of glucose, which
is hydrolyzed by animals when glucose is needed

Front 42

Cellulose

Back 42

polymer of glucose that forms plant cell walls

Front 43

Chitin

Back 43

another structural polysaccharide

Front 44

Lipids

Back 44

water insoluble
(hydrophobic, or water fearing)
compounds that are important in
energy storage

Front 45

fats

Back 45

lipids made from glycerol
and fatty acids

Front 46

Function of lipids

Back 46

energy storage,
waterproofing, membranes
in cells, found in hormones

Front 47

fatty acids link to glycerol by a _____ .

Back 47

dehydration reaction

Front 48

A fat contains one
glycerol linked to

Back 48

three
fatty acids

Front 49

Fats are often called

Back 49

triglycerides because of
their structure
--three
fatty acids

Front 50

Fat solidity is due to

Back 50

single or double carbon
bonds

Front 51

Fats that are solid at room temperature are

Back 51

saturated (carbon chain has as many hydrogen
atoms as possible, and mostly or all C-C single
bonds), e.g. beef fat, butter, bacon

Front 52

Saturated fat – chain is

Back 52

straight; has maximum number of hydrogens

Front 53

Fats that are liquid at room temperature are

Back 53

unsaturated (fewer hydrogen atoms, many C=C
double bonds), e.g. corn oil, olive oil

Front 54

Unsaturated fats- Double bonds produce

Back 54

kinks in the fatty acid chains –
keeps oil molecules apart – therefore oil is liquid at
room temperature

Back 55

– This causes kinks or bends in the carbon chain because
the maximum number of hydrogen atoms cannot bond
to the carbons at the double bond
– These compounds are called unsaturated fats
because they have fewer than the maximum number of
hydrogens

Front 56

Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens are called

Back 56

saturated fats

Front 57

Fats- Some of the double bonds between carbon can
be broken and replaced with single bonds and
adding hydrogen to the remaining bond position

Back 57

“hydrogenated oil” – oil being solid
at room temperature (e.g. Cisco vegetable oil)

Front 58

trans
configuration

Back 58

the "un-natural" process
--double bonds between carbon can
be broken and replaced with single bonds and
adding hydrogen to the remaining bond position

Front 59

Waxes are composed

Back 59

of long hydrocarbon chains and are strongly
hydrophobic

Front 60

Waxes are highly

Back 60

saturated and solid at room temperature

Front 61

t/f waxes are not a food source

Back 61

t

Front 62

Waxes form waterproof coatings

Back 62

Leaves and stems of plants

Front 63

Phospholipids

Back 63

are structurally
similar to fats and are an
important component of all cells
--major part of cell membranes

Front 64

Phospholipids form _____ membranes around all cells

Back 64

plasma

Front 65

Phospholipids construction

Back 65

similar to oils except that one of the three
fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group with short
polar functional group (containing N)

Front 66

Steroids are

Back 66

lipids composed of
fused ring structures

Front 67

Cholesterol is an example of a
steroid that plays a significant
role in the structure of

Back 67

the cell membrane

Front 68

cholesterol is the
compound from which we
synthesize

Back 68

sex hormones

Front 69

High levels of cholesterol in the
blood can lead to

Back 69

atherosclerosis
– heart disease when deposits
form in the heart arteries

Front 70

Animal fats increase LDL in body =

Back 70

atherosclerosis.
This stimulates the liver to synthesize cholesterol
and inhibit the secretion from the body
Oils (fatty acids) lead to Hard Solid (trans fats) = increase LDL (unhealthy)
Omega 3 fatty-acids = decreases saturated fats and
cholesterol; decrease blood pressure

Front 71

Protein

Back 71

Polymer built from combos of amino acids monomers
--unique structures directly related to function

Front 72

Cholesterol is an example of a
steroid that plays a significant
role in the structure of

Back 72

the cell membrane

Front 73

cholesterol is the
compound from which we
synthesize

Back 73

sex hormones

Front 74

High levels of cholesterol in the
blood can lead to

Back 74

atherosclerosis
– heart disease when deposits
form in the heart arteries

Front 75

Animal fats increase LDL in body =

Back 75

atherosclerosis.
This stimulates the liver to synthesize cholesterol
and inhibit the secretion from the body
Oils (fatty acids) lead to Hard Solid (trans fats) = increase LDL (unhealthy)
Omega 3 fatty-acids = decreases saturated fats and
cholesterol; decrease blood pressure

Front 76

Protein

Back 76

Polymer built from combos of amino acids monomers
--unique structures directly related to function

Front 77

Enzymes

Back 77

--proteins
--serve as metabolic catalysts
--regulate the chemical reactions within cells

Front 78

Functions of proteins

Back 78

Structure- collagen in skin, keratin in hair nails and horns
Movement- actin and myosin in muscles
Defense- antibodies in blood stream
Storage- albumin in egg whites
catalyzing reactions- enzymes (amylase digests carbohydrates; ATP synthase makes ATP)

Front 79

Amino acids

Back 79

the building blocks of proteins
-- have 2 groups
1) amino group
2) carboxyl group
-- both are covalently bonded to a central carbon atom
-- also bonded is a hydrogen atom to central carbon

Front 80

Amino acids are classified as

Back 80

hydrophobic or hydrophilic
– Some amino acids have a
nonpolar R group and are
hydrophobic
– Others have a polar R
group and are hydrophilic,
which means they easily
dissolve in aqueous
solutions

Front 81

Amino acid monomers are linked together to form

Back 81

Polymeric proteins
--by enzyme-mediated dehydration reaction
--links carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amin group of the next amino acid
--covalent linkage
--results is a peptide bond

Front 82

polypeptide chain contains

Back 82

hundreds or
thousands of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Front 83

3D shape of a protein

Back 83

tertiary structure
-- results due to R groups of various amino acids

Front 84

Proteins shape may be reinforced further by ____ called ____

Back 84

covalent bonds
disulfide bridges

Front 85

Quaternary structure

Back 85

two or more polypeptide chains (subunits)

Front 86

Collagen

Back 86

Example of quaternary structure
--triple helix
--strong
--connective tissue in skin bones tendons and ligaments
--40% of protein in human body

Front 87

Can misfolding of proteins affect human health?

Back 87

Misfolding of proteins cause diseases, such as
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Both are manifested by
accumulations of misfolded proteins

Front 88

If for some reason a protein’s shape is altered

Back 88

it can no longer function

Front 89

Denaturation

Back 89

cause polypeptide chains to unravel
and lose their shape and, thus, their function
-- proteins can be by changes in salt concentration an pH

Front 90

DNA

Back 90

deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 91

RNA

Back 91

ribonucleic acid)

Front 92

DNA and RNA are composed of

Back 92

nucleotides
--3 parts
– A five-carbon sugar
called ribose in RNA
and deoxyribose in DNA
– A phosphate group
– A nitrogenous base

Front 93

DNA nitrogenous bases

Back 93

adenine (A),
thymine (T), cytosine
(C), and guanine (G)
– RNA also has A, C, and
G, but instead of T, it
has uracil (U)
--remmeber base pairs "at&t"

Front 94

gene

Back 94

A particular nucleotide sequence that can instruct
the formation of a polypeptide
– Most DNA molecules consist of millions of base pairs
and, consequently, many genes
– These genes, many of which are unique to the species,
determine the structure of proteins and, thus, life’s
structures and functions

Front 95

DNA nitrogenous bases

Back 95

adenine (A),
thymine (T), cytosine
(C), and guanine (G)
– RNA also has A, C, and
G, but instead of T, it
has uracil (U)
--remmeber base pairs "at&t"

Front 96

gene

Back 96

A particular nucleotide sequence that can instruct
the formation of a polypeptide
– Most DNA molecules consist of millions of base pairs
and, consequently, many genes
– These genes, many of which are unique to the species,
determine the structure of proteins and, thus, life’s
structures and functions