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404 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The science of naming and classifying organisms is called
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taxonomy
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Linnaeus's two-word system for naming organisms is called
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binomial nomenclature
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taxonomic category for similar species
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genus
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similar genus are grouped into a
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family
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similar families are combined into a
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order
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orders with common properties are united into a
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class
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classes with similar characteristics are assigned to a
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phylum
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similar phyla are collected into a
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kingdom
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similar kingdoms are grouped into a
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domain
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Mayr defined ________ as a group of natural populations that are interbreeding or that could interbreed, and that are reproductively isolated from other groups
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biological species
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Classification based on similarities should reflect an organism's ________, its evolutionary history
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phylogeny
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through this process, similarities evolve in organisms not closely related to on another, often because they live in similar habitats
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convergent evolution
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similarities that arise through convergent evolution are called
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analogous characters
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a method of analysis that reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on shared characteristics
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cladistics
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a character is defined as an _____________ is it evolved in a common ancestor of both groups
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ancestral character
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a ________________ evolved in an ancestor of one group but not of the other
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derived character
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a biologist using cladistics constructs a branching diagram called ____________, which shows the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
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cladogram
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Taxonomists give varying degrees of importance to characters and thus produce a subjective analysis of evolutionary relationships in this....
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evolutionary systematics
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In this type of analysis, evolutionary relationships are displayed in a branching diagram called a
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phylogenetic tree
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a group of cells that are permanently associated but do not communicate with one another.
Ex. Volvox |
colonial organism
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a temporary collection of cells that come together for a period of time and then separate
ex. slime mold |
aggregation
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a __________ organism is an organism composed of many cells that are permanently associated with one another.
ex. green alga. |
multicelluar
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the process by which cells develop a specialized form and function
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differentiation
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a distinct group of cells with similar structures and functions
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tissue
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different tissued are organized in a
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organ
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various organs that carry out major body functions make up a
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organ system
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____________ are eukaryotes, that are not fungi, plants, or animals, many are unicellular
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protists
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the slender strands of fungi are called
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hyphae
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a _____________ is made up of specialized cells that play a role in transporting water and dissolved nutrients
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vascular tissue
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99% of animals, they lack a backbone
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invertebrate
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about 42,500 species, have a backbone
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vertebrates
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are segments of nucleic acid contained in a protein coat, smaller than prokaryotes.
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virus
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agents that cause disease
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pathogens
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the virus protein coat, may contain either RNA or DNA, but not both
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capsid
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many viruses have a membrane surrond that capsid, this is called
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envelope
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proteins with attached carbohydrate molecules
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glycoproteins
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viruses that infect bacteria
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bacteriophages
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in bacterial viruses, the cycle of viral infection, replication, and cell destruction is called
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lytic
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Instead of producing virus particles, the virus gene is inserted into the host chromosome and is called a
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provirus
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in this cycle, the viral genome replicates without destroying the host cell
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lysogenic
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________are composed of proteins but have no nucleic acid, a new class of pathogens
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prions
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a single strand of RNA that has no capsid, infect plants
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viroid
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oxygen-free
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anaerobic
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living with the presence of oxygen
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aerobic
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chemicals that are poisonous to eukaryotic cells
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toxins
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heterotrophic protists
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protozoa
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photosynthetic protist
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algae
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this pair of gametes then shed their cell walls and fuse into a diploid zygote with a tick protective wall called a
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zygospore
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a life cycle with two distinct multicellular phases. A diploid, spore producing phase and haploid, gamete- producing phase
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alternations of generations
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the adult sporophyte alga has reproductive cells called
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sporangia
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members of the phylum Rhizopoda, protist that move by using flexible, cytoplasmic extensions or Pseudopodia
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Amoebas
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"false foot" cytoplasmic extensions used by amoebas to move
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pseudopodia
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members of the phylum Bacillariophyta, are photosynthetic, unicellular protists with unique double shells.
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Diatoms
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members of the Phylum Euglenophyta, are freshwater protists with two flagella
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Euglenoids
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members of the phylum Kinetoplastida, unicellular heterotrophic protists that have at least on flagellum, and some species have thousands
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Kinetoplastids
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tightly packed rows of short flagella used for movement
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cilia
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a mass of cytoplasm that looks like an oozing slim
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plasmodium
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Infecting stage of Plasmodium (Malaria)
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sporozoite
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Sporozoites infect the liver, where they rapidly divide and produce millions of cells of the second stage of life cycle called
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merozoite.
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fungi's cell wall is made up of _______, a tough polysaccharide found in the hard out covering of insects
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chitin
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a small cell forms from a large cell and pinches itself off from the large cell
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budding
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a waxy layer that covers non-woody above ground parts of most plants
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cuticle
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pores that permit plants to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
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stomata
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a pair of specialized cells that border each stoma. They open and close the stomata as these change shape
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guard cells
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a system of well-developed vascular tissue that distribute materials more efficiently
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vascular system
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plants that lack a vascular system
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nonvascular plants
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plants that have a vascular system
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vascular plants
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a structure that contains the embryo of a plant
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seed
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an early stage in the development of plants and animals
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embryo
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vascular plants that produce seeds
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seed plants
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a reproductive structure that produces pollen and seeds
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flower
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relatively soft-walled cells in a plant that transport organic nutrients in a kind of tissue called
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phloem
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hard-walled cells in a plant that transport water and mineral nutrients in a kind of tissue called
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xylem
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the part of a plant that grows mostly upward is called
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shoot
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the part of the plant that grows downward
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root
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zones of actively dividing plant cell
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meristems
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hairlike projections that anchor the gametophyte to the surface on which they grow
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rhizoids
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a horizontal underground stem that seedless vascular plants contain
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rhizomes
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most fern sporophytes have a rhizome that is anchored by roots and leaves called
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fronds
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clusters of nongreen spore-bearing leaves form a structure called, (occurs in some species of seedless vascular plants)
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cone
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seed plants whose seeds do not develop within a seal container ( a fruit)
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gymnosperms
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plants that produce seeds that develop enclosed within a specialized structure (fruit), also have flowers,
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angiosperm
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produced by angiosperms, seeds that develop enclosed within a specialized structure
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fruit
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the seeds of angiosperms have a supply of stored food called
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endosperm
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flowering plants that produce seeds with one seed lead (cotyledon), leaves of three and long narrow leaves with parallel veins
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monocots
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flowering plants that produce seeds with two see leaves. Also have flowered in multiples of two four or five, leaves with branching (net) veins
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dicots
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any non reproductive part of a plant
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vegetative part
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grasses that are grown as food for humans and livestock
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cereals
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cereal grasses produce large numbers of a type of edible, dry fruit
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grain
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the structure that produces eggs in nonvascular plants
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archegonium
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the structure that produces sperm in a nonvascular plant
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antheridium
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A cluster of sporangia on a fern frond
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sorus
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An immature male gametophyte of a seed plant. Has a thick protective wall
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pollen grain
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multicellular structure that is part of the sporophyte
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ovule
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The transfer of pollen grains from the male reproductive structure of a plant to a female reproductive structure of a plant
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pollination
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the tube grows from a pollen grain to an ovule an enables a sperm to pass directly to an egg
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pollen tube
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the outer layers of an ovule harden to form
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seed coat
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Leaflike structure, or seed leaves
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cotyledons
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the outermost whorl of a flower, protects a flower form damage while it is a bud
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sepals
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part of a flower that attracts pollinators
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petals
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pollen producing parts of a flower
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stamen
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each stamen is made of a threadlike filament that is topped by a pollen producing sac called
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anther
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part of a flower that produces ovules
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pistils
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ovules develop in a pistil's swollen lower portion called
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ovary
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The fusing of three haploid cells forms a triploid (3n) cell that eventually develops into endosperm
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double fertilization
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The reproduction of plants from non reproductive parts
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vegetative reproduction
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Growing new plants from seed or vegetative parts is called
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plant propagation
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pieces of plant tissue are placed on sterile medium and used to grow new plants
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tissue culture
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forms the protective out layer of a plant
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dermal tissue
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makes up much of the inside of the nonwoody parts of a plant, including roots, stems, and leaves
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ground tissue
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In nonwoody parts of a plant, dermal tissue forms a "skin" called the
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epidermis
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the dermal tissue on woody stems and roots consists of several layers of dead cells that are referred to as
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cork
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one type of xylem cell found in vascular plants
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tracheid
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second type of xylem cell, which makes up conducting strands
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vessels
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the conducting strands in phloem are called
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sieve tubes
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the ground tissue surrounding the vascular tissue is called
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cortex
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the epidermal cells just behind a root type often produce these, which are slender projections of the cell membrane, used to increase surface area of a root
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root hair
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a mass of cells that covers and protects the actively growing root tip
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root cap
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A plant with stems that are flexible and usually green
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herbaceous plant
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the stems of herbaceous plants contain bundles of xylem and phloem are called
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vascular bundles
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the ground tissue inside the ring of vascular bundles
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pith
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the wood in the center of a mature stem or tree trunk
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heartwood
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lies outside the heartwood, contains vessel cells that can conduct water
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sapwood
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Most leaves have a flatten portion, called the blade, that is often attacked to a stem by a stalk called
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petiole
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in leaves, the ground tissue is called
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mesophyll
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the loss of water vapor from a plant
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transpiration
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a part of a plant that provides organic compounds for other parts of the plant
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source
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a part of a plant that organic compounds are delivered too.
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sink
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the movement of organic compounds within a plant from a source to a sink
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translocation
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In all animals except sponges, the zygote undergoes cell divisions that form a hollow ball of cells called a
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blastula
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part of the blastula that becomes the outer layer of skin; nervous system; sense organs and eyes
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ectoderm
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part of the blastula that becomes the lining of digestive tract respiratory system urinary bladder; digestive organs; liver; and many glands
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endoderm
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part of the blastula that becomes most of the skeleton; muscles; circulatory system; reproductive organs; excretory organs
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mesoderm
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irregular in shape, symmetry.
ex; sponge |
asymmetrical
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animals with body parts arranged around a central axis , somewhat like spokes around a bicycle wheel.
ex. sea anemone |
radial symmetry
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body of an animal where their is left and right halves
ex. squirrel |
bilateral symmetry
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most bilaterally symmetrical animals have evolved an anterior concentration of sensory structure and nerves
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cephalization
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a body cavity- a fluid filled space found between the body wall and the digestive tract
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coelom
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animals with no body cavity
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acoelmate
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animals with a body cavity located between the mesoderm and the endoderm.
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pseudocoelmates
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animals with a true body cavity located entirely within the mesoderm
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coelomatees
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chart that shows how animals are related through evolution
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phylogenetic tree
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a digestive cavity with only one opening
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gastrovascular cavity
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the uptake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide
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respiration
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some aquatic animals respire with these very think projections of tissue that are rich in blood vessels
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gills
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a heart pumps fluid containing oxygen and nutrients through a series of vessels out into the body cavity
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open circulatory system
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a heart pumps blood through a system of blood vessels
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closed circulatory system
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consists of water that is contained under pressure in a closed cavity , such as a gastrovascular cavity or a coelom
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hydrostatic skeleton
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a rigid external skeleton that encases the body of an animal
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exoskeleton
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composed of a hard material, such as a bone, embedded within an animal
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endoskeleton
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species of animals with both testes and ovaries
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hermaphrodites
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type of fertilization when the egg is fertilized outside of a females body
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external fertilization
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the union of sperm and egg occurs within the female's body
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internal fertilization
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sponges have a body wall penetrated by tiny opening or pores, in which water enters
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ostia
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sponges also have large openings through which water exits
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oscula
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immobile
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sessile
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lining the internal cavity of a sponge is a layer of flagellated cells called
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choanocytes
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sponge cells that have irregular amoeba-like shapes
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amoebocytes
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tiny needle composed of silica or calcium carbonate
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spicule
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flexible protein fiber in some sponges skeletons
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spongin
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clusters of amoebocytes encased in protective coats
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gemmules
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free-floating, jellylike, and often umbrella shaped
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medusa
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tubelike and are usually attacked to a rock or some other object, opposite of medusa
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polyp
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located on the tentacles are stinging cells called
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cnidocytes
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within each cnidocyte is a small barbed harpoon called
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nematocyst
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freshwater hydrozoa attach to rocks or water plants by means of a sticky secretion they produce in an area of their body called
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basal disk
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the gametes of a hydrozoan fuse and produce zygotes that develop into free-swimming, ciliated larvae called
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planulae
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Trematoda, that largest flatworm, consist of worms called
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flukes
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Endoparasites have a thick protective covering of cells that prevents them from being digested by their host
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tegument
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a larval stage that is shared by mollusks and annelids
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trochophore
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a central section that contains the mollusk's organs
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visceral mass
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a heavy fold of tissue that forms the outer layer of the body of a mollusk
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mantle
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the muscular region of a mollusk that is used primarily for locomotion
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foot
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a tongue-like organ located in a mollusks mouth, has thousands of pointed teeth arranged in rows
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radula
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the beating of cilia pulls the fluid from the coelom into tiny tubular structure that recover useful molecules from the coelmate fluid
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nephridia
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two thick muscles that connect the valves of a bivalve
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abductor muscles
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the cilia on their gills draw in sea water through hollow tubes called
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siphons
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primitive brain in annelids
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cerebral ganglion
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internal body walls that separate the segments of most annelids
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septa
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most annelids have external bristles called
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setae
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many annelids have fleshy appendages called
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parapodia
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a structure that extends form the arthropod's body wall
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appendages
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the head is fused with the thorax to form a body region called
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cephlathorax
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mid-body region of arthropods
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thorax
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an eye composed of multiple individual units
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compound eye
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in this process, arthropods shed and discard their exoskeleton periodically
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molting
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the majority of terrestrial arthropods respire through a network of fine tubes called
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tracheae
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air enters the arthropod's body through structures called
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spiracles
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slender, finger-like extensions from the arthropod's gut that are bathed by blood
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Malpighian tubules
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Chelicerata have mouthparts that are modified into pincers or fangs called
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chelicerae
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the second pair of appendages in a chelicerata, which are modified to catch and handle prey
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pedipalps
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most spider secret sticky strands of silk from appendages located at the end of the abdomen
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spinnerets
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Uniramia have chewing mouth parts called
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mandibles
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the life cycle of most insects in which the young insect undergoes a dramatic physical change called
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metamorphosis
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worm like larva encloses itself within a protective capsule called a
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chrysalis
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in the chrysalis, the insect passes through this stage, in which it changes into an adult
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pupa
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the eggs of an insect hatches in juvenile, that looks exactly like the adult insect but its smaller and wingless
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nymph
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the role played by an individual in a colony
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caste
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many crustaceans have a distinctive larval form called a
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nauplius
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another small marine crustacean swarms in huge groups and is the chief food for many marine species
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krill
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a gastrula has an opening to the outside called
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blastopore
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animals with mouths that develop from or near the blastopore are called
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protostomes
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animals with anuses that develop form or near the blastopore
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deutrostomes
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calcium-rich endoskeleton composed of individual plates
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ossicles
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Echinoderms have a water-filled system of interconnected canals and thousands tiny hollow tube feet called
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water-vascular system
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many echinoderms have small, fingerlike projections that grow among the echinoderm's spine that also aid in respiration and waste removal
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skin gills
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the second major group of deuterostomes
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chordates
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a stiff rod that develops along the back of chordate's embryos
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notochord
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chordates that do not have backbones
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invertebrate chordates
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the individual segments that make up a backbone
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vertebrae
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earliest fishes that had neither jaws nor paired fins
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agnathans
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spiny fish
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acanthodians
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a lightweight, strong flexible tissues
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cartilage
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animals that live on land
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terrestrial
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an extinct group of crocodile-like reptiles
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thecodonts
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supercontinent
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Pangaea
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animals whose metabolism is too slow to produce enough heat to warm their bodies
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ectothermic
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animals that maintain a high, constant body temperature by producing heat internally
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endothermic
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an extinct order of animals that were probably endotherms
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therapsids
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a member of the mammalian order Primates, which include prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans
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primates
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a member of a group of mostly night-active primates that live in trees
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prosimians
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animals are active during the day, and they sleep at night
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diurnal
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primates that walk upright on two legs
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hominids
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finger like projections through which gases enter and leave the blood of a fish
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gill filaments
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the rear of the check cavity is an opening in a fish
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gill slit
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in this, water passes over the gills in one direction as blood flows in the opposite direction through capillaries in the gills
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countercurrent flow
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tubelike nits that regulate the body's salt and water balance and removes metabolic wastes from the blood
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nephrons
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a sensory system that extends along each side of a bony fish's body
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lateral line
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a hard plate that covers the gills of each side of head
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operculum
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bony fish contain a special gas sac that helps them be buoyant
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swim bladder
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the most advanced of the ray finned bony fishes
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teleosts
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part of the heart that carries oxygen rich blood from the amphibians lungs to its heart
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pulmonary veins
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a dividing wall that separates the amphibians atrium into right and left halves
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septum
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this thing contains both a water supply and a food supply and i key to a reptile's success as a terrestrial animal
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amniotic egg
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many reptiles young hatch from eggs
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oviparous
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this term means females retain the eggs within their body until shortly before hatching or the eggs may hatch within the female's body
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ovoviviparous
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the dorsal part of a turtles shell
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carapace
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the ventral portion of a turtles shell
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plastron
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these feathers cover the bird's body and give the adult birds their shape
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contour feathers
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most birds have a gland that secrets oil, which spreads over their feathers to waterproof them and clean them
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preen gland
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these feathers cover the body of a young bird and are found beneath the contour feathers of adult birds
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down feathers
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the lungs of mammals contain small, grape-shaped chambers called
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alveoli
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glands located on a female mammal's chest, or abdomen that produce a nutrient-rich energy source called milk
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mammary glands
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young mammals are nourished on milk from birth until the time when their mother stops nursing them. This time is called
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weaning
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an organ that allows the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from the mother's blood, across the placental membranes, and into the blood of the developing fetus
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placenta
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the period of time between fertilization and birth
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gestation period
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Order Artiodactyla, mammals with hoofs
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ungulates
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mammals with a rumen regurgitate partly digested food, in which they rechew it and swallow it again for further digestion
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cud
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tissue that lines most body surfaces, and it protects other tissue from dehydration and physical damage
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epithelial tissue
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the nervous system is made up of this tissue. They carry information throughout the body.
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nerve tissues
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these tissues, support, protect, and insulate the body. Includes fat, cartilage, bone, tendons, and blood
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connective tissue
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this tissue enables movement of body structures by contraction. three kinds of tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
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muscle tissue
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the body contains four large fluid-filled spaces, that house and protect the major organs
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body cavities
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these 80 bones are on the axial of the body including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum
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axial skeleton
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the other 126 bones, including those of the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder
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appendicular skeleton
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some cavities in spongy bones are filled with soft tissue called
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bone marrow
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bones are surrounded and protected by a tough exterior membrane called
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periosteum
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in compact bones, new bone cells are added in layers around narrow, hollow channels called
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Haversian canals
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bone cells that eventually become embedded within the bone tissue
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osteocytes
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severe bone loss can lead to this condition
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osteoporosis
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where two bones meet
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joint
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the bones of a joint are held together by strong bands of connective tissue
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ligaments
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most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by strips of dense connective tissue called
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tendons
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this muscles causes joints to bend
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flexor
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this muscles causes a joint to straighten
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extensor
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these protein fibers enable muscles to contract
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actin and myosin
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each muscle fiber contains small cylindrical structures called
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myofibrils
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the area between two Z line (anchors actin filaments) is called
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sacromere
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the outermost layer of the skin
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epidermis
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a protein that makes the skin tough and waterproof
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Keratin
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this pigment ranges in color form yellow to reddish brown to black, and it helps determine skin color
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Melanin
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this is the functional layer of the skin that lies just beneath the epidermis
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dermis
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the dermis contains many nerve cells, blood vessels, and _________
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hair follicies
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this located just beneath the skin just under the dermis and is a layer of connective tissue made mostly of fat
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subcutaneous
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an oily secretion that lubricates the skin
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sebum
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this system functions like a network of highways, connects the muscles and organs of the body through an extensive system of vessels that transports blood
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cardiovascular system
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blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
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Arteries
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tiny blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones, and other molecules in the blood
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capillaries
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blood vessels that carry the blood back to the heart
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veins
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a flap of tissue that ensures that the blood or fluid that passes through does not flow back in the veins
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valves
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this system collects and recycles fluids leaked from the cardiovascular system and is involved in fighting infections
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lymphatic system
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the liquid portion of blood
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plasma
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part of the blood that carry oxygen
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red blood cells
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a condition in which the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood is reduced
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anemia
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cells who primary job is to defend the body against disease
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white blood cells
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the cell fragments plan an important role in the clotting of blood
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platelets
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One system used to type blood is
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ABO blood group system
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another important antigen on the surface of red blood cells, which was originally identifies in rhesus monkeys
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Rh factor
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chambers that receive blood returning to the heart
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atria
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thick-walled chambers that pump blood away from the heart
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ventricle
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two large veins that collect all of the oxygen-poor blood from the body
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vena cava and superior vena cava
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the blood enters one of the largest arteries of the body called
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aorta
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the first arteries to branch from the aorta, which carry freshly oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
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coronary arteries
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contraction of the heart is initiated by a small cluster of cardiac muscle cells, which is embedded in the upper wall of the right atrium
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sinoatrial node
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the force exerted by blood as it moves through blood vessels
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blood pressure
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a series of pressure waves within an artery caused by the contractions of the left ventricles
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pulse
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occurs when an area of the heart muscles stops working and dies
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heart attack
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when an area of the brain dies
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stroke
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air passes through a muscular tube in the upper throat, which serves as a passage for air and food
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pharynx
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the air continues on through a passageway for air, also known as voice box located in the neck
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larynx
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from the larynx the air passes into this, a long straight tube in the chest cavity
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trachea
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the trachea, or windpipe, divides into two smaller tube, which lead to the lungs
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bronchi
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a powerful muscles spanning the rib cage under the lungs and it aids in respiration
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diaphragm
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enzymes that begin the breakdown of carbohydrates such as starches, into monosaccharides (single sugars)
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amylases
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a long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
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esophagus
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a digestive enzyme secreted by the stomach, cuts the single protein strands into smaller chains of amino acids
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pepsin
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pancreatic enzymes that digest fats
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lipases
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the lining of the small intestine is covered with fine fingerlike projections called
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villi
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the large intestine, is much shorter than the small intestine
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colon
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the process that rids the body of toxic chemicals, excess water, salts, and carbon dioxide while maintaing osmotic and pH balance
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excretion
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ammonia is converted to a much less toxic nitrogen waster, which is then carried by the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is removed from the blood
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urea
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tiny tubes in the kidneys that filter blood
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nephrons
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this is formed from water, urea, and various salts that are left after the absorption and secretion process
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urine
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tubes that carry the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
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ureters
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a hollow muscular sac that stores urine
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urinary bladder
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urine leaves the bladder and exits the blood through this tube
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urethra
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layers of the epithelial tissue that produce a sticky, viscous fluid called mucus
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mucous membranes
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a series of events that suppress infection and speed recovery
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inflammatory response
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this causes local blood vessels to dilate, increasing blood flow to the area
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histamine
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one defense mechanism that consist of about 20 different proteins
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complement system
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another non specific defense, in which a protein released by cells infects with viruses
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interferon
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a white blood cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens
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neutrophil
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these white blood cells ingest and kill pathogens they encounter
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macrophages
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a large white blood cell that attacks cells infected with pathogens
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natural killer cell
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these cells attack and kill infected cells
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cytotoxic T cells
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these cells label invaders for later destruction by macrophages
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B cells
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these cells activate both cytotoxic T cells and B cells
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Helper T cells
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a substance that triggers an immune response
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antigen
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cells that release Y-shaped antibodies
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plasma cells
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a defensive protein produced upon exposure to a specific antigen, which can bind to that antigen
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antibody
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Koch's four step procedure as a guide for identifying specific pathogens
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Koch's postulates
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resistance to a particular disease
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immunity
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a medical procedure used to produce immunity
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Vaccination
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a solution that contains a dead or weakened pathogen or genetic material from a pathogen
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vaccine
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the viruses produce new antigens that your immune system does not recognize in a process. called
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antigen shifting
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the body launches an immune response against its own cells, attacking body cells as if they were pathogens.
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autoimmune disease
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the body's inappropriate response to a normally harmless antigen
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allergy
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the nervous system contains a complex network of nerve cells or _______
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neurons
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extend from the cell body of the neuron, are the "antennae" of neurons
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dendrites
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a long membrane-covered extension are called axon terminals
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axon
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bundles of axons in a neuron
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nerves
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the difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane
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membrane potential
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the membrane potential of a neuron at rest
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resting potential
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a local reversal of polarity, from negative charge to a positive charge
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action potential
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A junction at which a neuron meets another cells
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synapse
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this consists of the brain and the spinal cord
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central nervous system
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this contains sensory neurons and motor neurons
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peripheral nervous system
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these neurons sends information form sense organs, such as the skin to the CNS
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sensory nuerons
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these neurons send commands from the CNS to muscles and other organs
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Motor Neurons
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this is the body's main processing center
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brain
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this is largest part of the brain
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cerebrum
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this is the part of the brain that is located at the posterior base of the brain and it regulates balance, posture, and movement
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cerebellum
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at the base of the brain is the stalklike, it is a collection of structure leading down to the spinal cord and connecting hemispheres with the cerebellum
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brain stem
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a critical site for sensory processing
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thalamus
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this helps regulate many vital homeostatic functions such as breathing and heart rate
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hypothalamus
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a dense cable of nervous tissue that runs through the vertebral column
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spinal cord
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a sudden, involuntary contraction of muscles in response to a stimulus
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reflex
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these link neurons to each other
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interneurons
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specialized neurons that detect sensory stimuli and then convert the stimui to electrical signals, in the form of nerve impulses
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sensory receptors
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the lining on the back inner surface of the eye that consists of photoreceptors and neurons
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retina
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these respond best to dim light
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rods
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these respond best to bright lights and enable color
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cones
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this chamber is coiled like a snail's shell, and it contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells
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cochlea
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these are fluid-filled chambers in the inner ear that contain hair cells
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semicircular canals
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substances secreted (released) by cells that act to regulate the activity of other cells in the body
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hormones
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ductless organs that secrete hormones directly into either the bloodstream or the fluid around cells
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Endocrine glands
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a specific cell that a hormone binds to and acts on (carries the message to)
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target cell
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hormones made of amino acids (either a single modified amino acid or a protein composed of 3 to 200 amino acids)
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Amino-acid- based hormones
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lipid hormones that the body makes from cholesterol
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steroid hormones
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a molecules that passes the message from the first messenger to the cell.
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second messenger
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a change in one direction stimulates the control mechanism to counteract further change in the same direction
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negative feedback
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the area of the brain that coordinates the activities of the nervous and endocrine system
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hypothalamus
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an endocrine gland suspended from the hypothalamus by a short stalk
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pituitary gland
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the body has two of these gland, which are endocrine organs located above each kidney
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adrenal glands
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the "fight or flight" hormones, released by the adrenal glands
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the accumulation of glycogen in the liver
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insulation
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this has the opposite effect of insulin-- it raises the blood glucose levels
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glucagon
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a series disorder in which cells are unable to obtain glucose from the blood , resulting in high blood glucose levels
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Diabetes mellitus
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two egg-shaped, gamete-producing organs of the male reproductive system
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testes
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tightly coiled tubules in the testes
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seminiferous tubules
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sperm enter a long coiled tube, in which sperm matures and becomes capable of moving
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epididymis
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from the epididymis, some sperm move to another long tube, in which it eventually moves to the urethra
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vas deferens
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this lies between the bladder and the rectum, in which it produces a fluid rich in sugars that sperm use for energy
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seminal vesicles
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this is located just below the bladder, secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acid in the female reproductive system
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prostate gland
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before semen leaves the body, these glands also secrete an alkaline fluid that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra
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bulbourethral glands
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the male organ that deposits sperm in the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse
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penis
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the gamete-producing organs of the female producing system
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ovaries
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when an egg matures it called an ______
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ovum
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a passageway through which an ovum moves from an ovary towards the uterus
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fallopian tube
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A hollow, muscular organ about the size of a small fist.
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Uterus
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during sexual intercourse, sperm are deposited here, a muscular tube that leads from the outside of the female's body to the entrance of the uterus
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vagina
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when the ovaries prepare and release an ovum in series of events collectively called
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ovarian cycle
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the release of an ovum from an ovary is called
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ovulation
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a cluster of cells that surrounds an immature egg cell and provides the egg with nutrients
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follicle
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a yellowish mass of follicular cells that functions like an endocrine gland
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corpus luteum
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the series of changes that prepares the uterus for a possible pregnancy is called
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menstrual cycle
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the zygote undergoes a series of internal divisions called
|
cleavage
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the time it reaches the uterus, the zygote is a hollow ball of cells
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blastocyst
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about six days after fertilization, the blastocyst burrows into the lining of the uterus in an event
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implantation
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humans develop in about 9 months- a period known as_____
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gestation
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the 9 months of ________ are often divided into three trimesters, or 3 month periods.
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pregnancy
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for the first 8 weeks of pregnancy, the developing human is called an _________
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embryo
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the structure through which the mother nourishes the embryo
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placenta
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a bacterial STD that causes painful urination and a discharge of pus from the penis in males
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Gonorrhea
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