Bio Chap 55

Front 1

What is Ecology

Back 1

The study of systems that include interactions among and between organisms and their abioIc environment

Front 2

4 Key elements of the enviornment

Back 2

1) temp

2)water

3) sunlight

4)soil and nutrients

Front 3

What is homeostasis?

Back 3

Individual must maintain a steady-state internal environment regardless of external environment

Front 4

Responding to Environment

• ____ term: individual level

• ____ term: adaptation on species level

Back 4

Responding to Environment

• Short term: individual level

• Long term: adaptation on species level

Front 5

Physiological Coping Mechanisms

Human:

Dog:

Back 5

Human: When cold: goosebumps, Hot: sweat

Dog: Pant (sticks tongue out)

Front 6

Morphological Coping Mechanisms

______ have adaptations that minimize energy expenditure

Elk:

Back 6

Endotherms have adaptations that minimize energy expenditure

Elk: shed their hair in the winter

Front 7

Behavioral Coping Mechanisms

• Moving from one ______ to another

• Maintain _____ ______

Back 7

• Moving from one habitat to another

• Maintain body temperature

Front 8

3 characteristics of population ecology

1. Population ______: area throughout which a population occurs

2. Pattern of ____ of individuals
3. Population size _____ through time

Back 8

3 characteristics of population ecology

1. Population range: area throughout which a population occurs

2. Pattern of spacing of individuals
3. Population size changes through time

Front 9

Population Range

-Most species have limited ________ range

Population Range Changes

-Circumvent _________ habitat to colonize suitable, previously unoccupied area

Back 9

Population Range

Most species have limited geographic range

Population Range Changes

-Circumvent inhospitable habitat to colonize suitable, previously unoccupied area

Front 10

Invasive species

_______ have changed the ranges of many species by introducing _________ species & by causing local ________.

Examples examples of invaders:

Back 10

Invasive species

Humans have changed the ranges of many species by introducing non-native species & by causing local extinctions.

Examples examples of invaders: American bull frog, python, lion fish

Front 11

Non-human Dispersal Mechanisms

• Lizards colonized distant islands by drifting on vegetation

• Seeds of plants disperse in many ways

Back 11

Non-human Dispersal Mechanisms

• Lizards colonized distant islands by drifting on vegetation

• Seeds of plants disperse in many ways

Front 12

Individuals in populations exhibit different spacing patterns

• ______ spacing: behavioral interactions, resource competition

• ______ spacing: individuals do not interact strongly with one another; not common in nature

• ______ spacing: uneven distribution of resources; common in nature

Back 12

Individuals in populations exhibit different spacing patterns

• Uniform spacing: behavioral interactions, resource competition

• Random spacing: individuals do not interact strongly with one another; not common in nature

• Clumped spacing: uneven distribution of resources; common in nature

Front 13

Metapopulations

-Found in areas in which _____ habitat is patchily distributed & is separated by intervening stretches of ______ habitat

-Populations in ____ areas (source) bolster the population in _____ areas (sink)

Back 13

Metapopulations

-Found in areas in which suitable habitat is patchily distributed & is separated by intervening stretches of unsuitable habitat

-Populations in better areas (source) bolster the population in poorer areas (sink)

Front 14

Population Demography

__________: quantitative study of populations

• How ____ changes through time

– _____ population: increasing, decreasing, remaining constant

– Population broken down into parts
• Study ____ & _____ rates of a specific age

• Population growth can be influenced by the population’s ___ ratio

– # of births directly related to # of _______
• _________ times: avg interval between

birth of an individual & birth of its offspring

– _____ generation time = faster population increase

Back 14

Population Demography

Demography: quantitative study of populations

• How size changes through time

– Whole population: increasing, decreasing, remaining constant

– Population broken down into parts
• Study birth & death rates of a specific age

• Population growth can be influenced by the population’s sex ratio

– # of births directly related to # of females
• Generation times: avg interval between

birth of an individual & birth of its offspring

– Short generation time = faster population increase

Front 15

Population Demography: Age structure

• Age structure- Determined by the # of _____ in a different age group

– _______: group of individuals of the same age

– _______: # of offspring produced in a

standard time
– _______: death rate in a standard time

• Survivorship: % of an original population that survives to a given _____

• Survivorship ______: Express some aspects of age distribution

Back 15

Population Demography: Age structure

• Age structure- Determined by the # of individuals in a different age group

– Cohort: group of individuals of the same age – Fecundity: # of offspring produced in a

standard time
– Mortality: death rate in a standard time

• Survivorship: % of an original population that survives to a given age

• Survivorship curve: Express some aspects of age distribution

Front 16

Environmental Limits to Population Growth:

-Exponential growth model applies to populations with ___ growth limits

-____ ______: the max. of individuals of a population that a particular environment can support for an indefinite period, assuming no changes in the environment.

Back 16

-Exponential growth model applies to populations with no growth limits

-Carrying capacity: the max. of individuals of a population that a particular environment can support for an indefinite period, assuming no changes in the environment.

Front 17

Population Regulation:

• Density ________

– Factors that affect the population & depend on population size

• Density Independent

– Other factors, such as _____ disasters, affect populations regardless of size

Back 17

• Density Dependent

– Factors that affect the population & depend on population size

• Density Independent

– Other factors, such as natural disasters, affect populations regardless of size

Front 18

Most natural populations show life history adaptations that exist along a continuum of __- & __-selected traits

Back 18

Most natural populations show life history adaptations that exist along a continuum of r- & K-selected traits