Bio - Chap 5

Front 1

alpha helix

Back 1

A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure ofproteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure

Front 2

amino acid

Back 2

An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups.Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins.

Front 3

beta pleated sheet

Back 3

One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.

Front 4

carbohydrate

Back 4

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) orpolymers (polysaccharides).

Front 5

cellulose

Back 5

A structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomersjoined by glycosidic linkages.

Front 6

cholesterol

Back 6

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranesand acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically importantsteroids.

Front 7

conformation

Back 7

Proper 3D shape of a protein achieved by all levels of proteinstructure from primary, secondary, tertiary and sometimes quaternary

Front 8

dehydration reaction

Back 8

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Front 9

denaturation

Back 9

In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its nativeconformation, there by becoming biologically inactive. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.

Front 10

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 10

A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid moleculecapable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.

Front 11

deoxyribose

Back 11

The pentose sugar component of DNA, having one less hydroxyl groupthan ribose, the sugar component of RNA.

Front 12

disaccharide

Back 12

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined bydehydration synthesis.

Front 13

double helix

Back 13

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.

Front 14

fat

Back 14

A biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerolmolecule.

Front 15

fatty acid

Back 15

A long hydrocarbon chain carboxylic acid. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form fat.

Front 16

glycogen

Back 16

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in theliver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch

Front 17

glycosidic linkage

Back 17

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by adehydration reaction.

Front 18

hydrolysis

Back 18

A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition ofwater.

Front 19

lipid

Back 19

One of a family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, thatare insoluble in water.

Front 20

macromolecule

Back 20

A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules,usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and nucleicacids are macromolecules.

Front 21

monomer

Back 21

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

Front 22

monosaccharide

Back 22

The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomerfor disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecularformulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH2O.

Front 23

nucleic acid

Back 23

A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers;serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellularactivities. The two types are DNA and RNA.

Front 24

nucleotide

Back 24

The monomer of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugarcovalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Front 25

nucleoside

Back 25

Pentose sugar bound to a nitrogenous base

Front 26

peptide bond

Back 26

The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by adehydration reaction

Front 27

phospholipid

Back 27

A lipid molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biologicalmembranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail

Front 28

polymer

Back 28

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linkedtogether.

Front 29

polynucleotide

Back 29

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities.The two types are DNA and RNA.

Front 30

polypeptide

Back 30

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Front 31

polysaccharide

Back 31

A polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed bydehydration reactions

Front 32

primary structure

Back 32

The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.

Front 33

protein

Back 33

A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.

Front 34

purine

Back 34

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Adenine (A)and guanine (G) are purines.

Front 35

pyrimidine

Back 35

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Cytosine(C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are pyrimidines.

Front 36

quaternary structure

Back 36

The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, definedby the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits,each a polypeptide.

Front 37

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 37

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

Front 38

ribose

Back 38

The pentose sugar component of RNA.

Front 39

saturated fatty acid

Back 39

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.

Front 40

secondary structure

Back 40

The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between the polypeptide backbone region.

Front 41

starch

Back 41

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

Front 42

tertiary structure

Back 42

Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.

Front 43

unsaturated fatty acid

Back 43

A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds betweenthe carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.