Bio Chap 4

Front 1

Prokaryote genetics

Back 1

single circular molecule (nucleoid)

Front 2

Cytoplasm

Back 2

fills cell interior

Front 3

Plasma membrane

Back 3

encloses the cell

Front 4

Schleiden & Schwann

Back 4

proposed the Cell Theory

Front 5

Robert Hooke

Back 5

discovered cells in 1665

Front 6

Cell Theory

Back 6

All organisms composed of cells, cells are smallest living units of organisms, cells arise only by division of existing cell

Front 7

Resolution

Back 7

minimum distance 2 pts can be apart and still be distinguishable

Front 8

Light microscopes

Back 8

use magnifying lenses with visible light, resolve structures 200 nm apart

Front 9

Electron microscopes

Back 9

use beam of electrons, resolve structures .2 nm apart

Front 10

Transmission electron microscope

Back 10

good 2D images

Front 11

Scanning electron microscope

Back 11

produce good 3D images

Front 12

Nucleoid

Back 12

DNA in prokaryotic cells

Front 13

Cytoplasm

Back 13

surrounded by plasma membrane and encased in cell wall

Front 14

Eukaryotic cell

Back 14

characterized by compartamentalization by endomembrane system, membrane-bound organelles

Front 15

Nucleus

Back 15

inheritance, RNA production, contains chromatin (nucleosomes), nucleolus

Front 16

Mitochondrion

Back 16

energy production

Front 17

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 17

protein and lipid production

Front 18

Golgi apparatus

Back 18

glycosylation, secretion

Front 19

Lysosomes

Back 19

degradation

Front 20

Peroxisomes

Back 20

degradation, detoxification

Front 21

Nucleolus

Back 21

ribosomal RNA assembly >> which leave through nuclear pores

Front 22

Chromosomes

Back 22

humans have 23 pairs, each chromosome has hundreds of genes

Front 23

Eukaryotic genetics

Back 23

linear chromosomes, strands of chromatin, DNA wrapped around histones forms nucleosomes

Front 24

Endomembrane system

Back 24

divides cell into compartments in which diff cellular functions occur, includes ER, Golgi, lysosomes

Front 25

Smooth ER

Back 25

important in lipid synthesis

Front 26

Rough ER

Back 26

contains ribosomes, site of protein synthesis

Front 27

Ribosomes

Back 27

made of ribosomal RNA and proteins, assembled in nucleoli, site of protein synthesis

Front 28

Golgi

Back 28

collection of golgi bodies that collect, package, and distribute molecules synthesized and utilized at diff locations, produces sugars and forms glycoproteins, glycolipids, final protein folding, stores secreted material

Front 29

Cis side

Back 29

receiving side of golgi, vesicles enter here

Front 30

Trans side

Back 30

shipping side of golgi

Front 31

Vesicles

Back 31

part of endomembrane system, membrane-bound, incl lysosomes, microbodies

Front 32

Lysosomes

Back 32

membrane-bound digestive vesicles, arise from golgi, enzymes catalyze breakdown of macromolecules, destroy cells, foreign matter engulfed by phagocytosis

Front 33

Microbodies

Back 33

enzyme-bearing, membrane-enclosed vesicles

Front 34

Peroxisomes

Back 34

contain enzymes that catalyze removal of electrons, associated hydrogen atoms, degradation & detoxification, protection from toxin damage

Front 35

Autophagy

Back 35

how cells bring in material

Front 36

Phagocytosis

Back 36

cells bring in insoluble, solid material, “cell eating”

Front 37

Pinosytosis

Back 37

cells bring in soluble, liquid material, “cell drinking”

Front 38

Mitochondria

Back 38

bound by exterior, interior membranes, interior partitioned by cristae, generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, has its own circular DNA, maternally inherited, several 100 per cell

Front 39

Chloroplasts

Back 39

internal stacked grana, which contain thylakoids, used for photosynthesis, present in plants and some other eukaryotes

Front 40

Endosymbiotic theory

Back 40

engulfed eukaryotes provided hosts with metabolic advantages, evolved

Front 41

Cytoskeleton

Back 41

fibers, filaments, associated proteins that maintain cell shape, connect cells, transport organelles, small molecules, provide cell motility, move chromosomes, and compose cilia

Front 42

Actin filaments

Back 42

smallest part of cytoskeleton, 7 nm diameter, made of actin molecules, used in contraction, crawling, pinching

Front 43

Microtubules

Back 43

biggest filament, 25 nm in diameter, a & B tubulin dimers, used in organization of cytoplasm, mvmt of cargo

Front 44

Intermediate filaments

Back 44

8-10 nm diameter, made of protein dimers, stable, mechanical strength of cell

Front 45

Centrosomes

Back 45

region surrounding centrioles in animal cells, microtubule-organizing center, plants and fungi lack these

Front 46

Centrioles

Back 46

cylindrical organelle near nucleus, manufactures fibers

Front 47

Flagella, cilia makeup

Back 47

9+2 arrangement of microtubules

Front 48

Kinesin

Back 48

motor protein moves vesicles towards periphery of cell

Front 49

Dynein

Back 49

moves cargo or vesicles toward center of cell

Front 50

Cellulose cell wall

Back 50

found in plant cells, provide rigidity and structure

Front 51

Integrins

Back 51

proteins that link cytoskeleton and ECM proteins in animal cells

Front 52

Extracellular matrix

Back 52

animal cells lack cell walls, so they secrete mixture of glycoproteins into surroundings, esp collagen, to form protective layer over cell surface, linked to cytoskeleton by integrins