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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deuterostomes have 2 phyla called |
Echinodermata and Chordata
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Echindoermata -Includes:___ -Exclusively ___ -___skeleton -_____ symmetry (___ as larvae) |
Includes: Sea cucumbers, sand dollars, sea stars, sea brittles, sea urchins
Exclusively marine
Endoskeleton
Pentaradial symmetry (Bilateral as larvae) |
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Echindoermata Endoskeleton: -___ covers endoskeleton -Composed of ___ ___ ossicles What type of vascular system?
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Endoskeleton: Epidermis covers endoskeleton Composed of calcium carbonate ossicles What type of vascular system? Water-vascular |
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Echindoermata Regeneration: -yes or no? -some _______ split Most reproduction is ______ -____ release into water -free-swimming _____
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Regeneration: -Yes -Some asexual split Most reproduction is sexual -Gametes release into water -free-swimming larvae -gonochoric
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5 Extant classes in Echindoermata
1) _______ (sea stars & sea daisies) 2) _______ (sea urchins & sand dollars) 3)________ (brittle stars) |
1) Asteroidea (sea stars & sea daisies) 2) Echinoidea (sea urchins & sand dollars) 3)Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) 5) Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) |
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Class Asteroidea -Where do they live? -Important _____ -Arms in multiples of ___
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-Marine -Important predators -Arms in multiples of 5 |
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Class Echinoidea -Lack ___ -Double rows of __ ___ -Protective movable ____ |
-Lack arms -Double rows of tube feet -Protective movable spines |
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Class Ophiuroidea -Largest number of ___ -Arms are ___ diameter their entire length -Arms are easily _____ |
-Largest number of species -Arms are equal diameter their entire length -Arms are easily autotomized |
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Class Crinoidea -May be in ____ water -__ arms |
-May be in deep water -5 arms |
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Class Holothuroidea -Single branched ____ -Found on ______ -____ by humans -Evisceration for _____ -Detritivores- Impt for nutrient recycling |
-Single branched gonad -Found on seafloor -Eaten by humans -Evisceration for protection -Detritivores- Impt for nutrient recycling |
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Phylum Chordata -Includes: -Deuterostome & ______ -Has 4 main features: |
-Includes: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals -Deuterostome & coelomates -Has 4 main features: Nerve cords, Notocord, tail, pharyngeal slits |
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Phylum Chordata has 3 Subphyla: 1. _______(Nonvertebrates) 3. ______ |
1. Urochordata (Nonvertebrates) 3. Vertebrata |
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Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates & salps) • _____ animals • Larvae are tadpole-like – Free-swimming but do not feed • Adults typically lose the tail & _______ -___ feeders |
(Tunicates & salps) • Marine animals • Larvae are tadpole-like – Free-swimming but do not feed • Adults typically lose the tail & notochord -Sessile feeders |
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Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets) • Scaleless chordates • Closest relatives to _____ |
• Scaleless chordates |
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Subphylum Vertebrata - Chordates with a ____ _____ Distinguished by (2):
They also have (3): |
- Chordates with a spinal column Distinguished by (2): Vertebral column, distinct head They also have (3): neural crest, internal organs, endoskeleton |
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Vertebrate Evolution: -1st vertebrates appeared in the oceans ~__ MYA -Jawed fishes soon became _____ -_____ invaded the land -______ replaced them as the dominant land vertebrates -___ & _____ became dominant after Cretaceous mass extinction |
-1st vertebrates appeared in the oceans ~545 MYA -Jawed fishes soon became dominant -Amphibians invaded the land -Reptiles replaced them as the dominant land vertebrates -Birds & mammals became dominant after Cretaceous mass extinction |
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Fishes -Most diverse ____ group (___ of vertebrates) -Provided the ____ ____ for invasion of land by amphibians |
-Most diverse vertebrate group (1⁄2 of vertebrates) -Provided the evolutionary base for invasion of land by amphibians
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Fishes have the 5 characteristics:
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Fishes have the 5 characteristics: 1. Vertebral column 2. Jaws & paired appendages – Hagfish & lamprey exceptions 3. Internal gills 4. Single-loop blood circulation 5. Nutritional deficiencies – Inability has been inherited by all their vertebrate descendants |
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Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Chondrichthyes (Sharks, skates, rays) period (360–280 MYA) • _____ skeleton "calcified" with granules of calcium carbonate – Light, strong skeleton -Sharks were among the 1st vertebrates to develop __ (Easily lost but continuously replaced) -Sharks (& bony fishes) have a fully developed ___ ___ ___ (Series of sensory organs under the skin that detects changes in pressure waves ) |
-Dominant sea predators in the Carboniferous period (360–280 MYA) • Cartilage skeleton "calcified" with granules of calcium carbonate – Light, strong skeleton -Sharks were among the 1st vertebrates to develop teeth (Easily lost but continuously replaced) -Sharks (& bony fishes) have a fully developed lateral line system (Series of sensory organs under the skin that detects changes in pressure waves ) |
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Bony fish -Evolved at the same time as ____ ~400 MYA – Have a heavy _____ skeleton made of bone - Most speciose of all vertebrates (> 30,000 living species) -Significant adaptations include swim bladder & ___ ___ _____- filled with gases taken from the blood |
-Evolved at the same time as sharks ~400 MYA – Have a heavy internal skeleton made of bone - Most speciose of all vertebrates (> 30,000 living species) -Significant adaptations include swim bladder & gill cover Swim bladder- filled with gases taken from the blood |
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2 Classes of Bony Fishes • ____ (class Sarcopterygii) |
• Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii) • Lobe-finned fishes (class Sarcopterygii) |
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Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Actinopterygii (______) • Parallel bony rays ____ & ____ each fin • No ______ within the fins |
(Ray-finned fishes) • Parallel bony rays support & stiffen each fin • No muscles within the fins |
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Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Sacropterygii (______) - Have paired fins that consist of a long fleshy _______ lobe - Supported by central core of ____ with fully articulated _____ -Almost certainly the amphibian ancestors |
Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Sacropterygii Lobe-finned fishes - Have paired fins that consist of a long fleshy muscular lobe - Supported by central core of bones with fully articulated joints -Almost certainly the amphibian ancestors |
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Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Amphibia • ____ vertebrates to walk on land • Direct descendants of_____ 5 main features:
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Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Amphibia • 1st vertebrates to walk on land • Direct descendants of fishes 5 main features: 1. Legs – adaptation to life on land 4. Pulmonary veins – separate pulmonary circuit allows higher pressure blood to tissues 5. Partially divided heart – improves separation of pulmonary & systemic circuits |
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3 Modern amphibian orders: -Order _____ (without tail) • Order _____ (visible tail) • Order _____ (without legs) -Eggs laid in _____ – lack _____ membranes – -_____ fertilization -_____ (frog sex position)
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-Order Anura (without tail) • Order Caudata (visible tail) • Order Apoda (without legs) -Eggs laid in water – lack watertight membranes – External fertilization -Amplexus (frog sex position) |
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Amniotic egg: Includes: Amniotic egg has 4 membranes: • ______ – Outermost layer, allows ____ exchange • _____ – Encases _____ in fluid-filled cavity • ____ – Provides ___ • _____ – Contains excreted _____ from embryo |
Includes: Reptiles, birds, & mammals Amniotic egg has 4 membranes: • Chorion – Outermost layer, allows gas exchange • Amnion – Encases embryo in fluid-filled cavity • Yolk sac – Provides food • Allantois – Contains excreted wastes from embryo |
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Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Reptilia >7,000 living species • 3 key features: 3. _____ breathing- increases lung capacity ______- obtain temperature from external sources • Regulate body temperature by moving ____ & ____ of sunlight (Basking) |
Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Reptilia >7,000 living species • 3 key features: 3. Thoracic breathing- increases lung capacity Ectothermic- obtain temperature from external sources • Regulate body temperature by moving in & out of sunlight (Basking) |
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Modern reptiles developed 2 important characteristics: • _____ _______ – Sperm fertilizes egg before protective membranes are formed • ___ ___ – Oxygen is provided to the body more efficiently – Septum in heart extended to create partial wall • Crocodiles, birds, & mammals have completely divided __-chambered heart |
• Internal fertilization – Sperm fertilizes egg before protective membranes are formed • Improved circulation – Oxygen is provided to the body more efficiently – Septum in heart extended to create partial wall • Crocodiles, birds, & mammals have completely divided 4-chambered heart |
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4 orders of reptiles ~7,000 species: |
4 orders of reptiles ~7,000 species: |
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Order Chelonia • Bodies are encased within a ______ shell – Carapace (____) & plastron (______) • Tortoises are _______ – Return to land to ____ ____ |
• Bodies are encased within a protective shell – Carapace (dorsal) & plastron (ventral) • Tortoises are terrestrial – Return to land to lay eggs |
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Order Rhynchocephalia - Only 2 spp. Of Tuataras -Large lizard-like animals ~ 1⁄2 m long - Endemic on islands near New Zealand - Parietal eye (3rd eye) – Eye with lens & retina concealed under layer of scales on top of head |
Order Rhynchocephalia - Only 2 spp. Of Tuataras -Large lizard-like animals ~ 1⁄2 m long - Endemic on islands near New Zealand - Parietal eye (3rd eye) – Eye with lens & retina concealed under layer of scales on top of head |
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Order Squamata Characteristic: male has paired ______ ______ Includes: 1.____ 2. ____ ____: Lack limbs, Movable eyelids, External ears, Expandable jaw _____: Many have ability to regenerate lost tails, Some can run on water
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Order Squamata Characteristic: male has paired copulatory organs – Snakes – Lizards Snakes: Lack limbs, Movable eyelids, External ears, Expandable jaw Lizards: Many have ability to regenerate lost tails, Some can run on water |
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Order Crocodylia: Crocodiles • ~25 extant spp • More similar to _____ than other living reptiles: – Build ____ & care for their young |
Order Crocodylia: Crocodiles • ~25 extant spp • More similar to birds than other living reptiles: – Build nests & care for their young |
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Class Aves • Birds are the most ______ of all terrestrial vertebrates • Success because of _____ -Birds kept many ______ traits (Amniotic eggs & scales on legs – Lack teeth & tails of reptiles) • Two major distinguishing traits – _____ – ____ _______ Feathers developed from ____ _____ |
Class Aves • Birds are the most diverse of all terrestrial vertebrates • Success because of feather Birds kept many reptilian traits – Amniotic eggs & scales on legs – Lack teeth & tails of reptiles • Two major distinguishing traits – Feathers – Flight skeleton Feathers developed from reptile scales |
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Adaptations for flight 1. _____ _____ single direction 2. ___ ______ fully oxygenated blood – Rapid heartbeat 3. ________ – Body temperature (40–42oC) permits higher metabolic rate |
Adaptations for flight 1. Efficient respiration single direction 2. Efficient circulation fully oxygenated blood – Rapid heartbeat 3. Endothermy – Body temperature (40–42oC) permits higher metabolic rate |
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Class Mammalia 2 fundamental traits 1. _______ hair follicles 2. _______ ________ – Females possess mammary glands that secrete milk Other includes: • _________ depends on higher metabolic rate – __-chambered heart – Respiration using diaphragm • _______ in most mammals |
2 fundamental traits 1. Hair hair follicles 2. Mammary Glands – Females possess mammary glands that secrete milk Other includes: • Endothermy depends on higher metabolic rate – 4-chambered heart – Respiration using diaphragm • Placenta in most mammals |
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2 Subclasses of Mammals 1. _________ (most primitive) – Lay shelled eggs 2. _______ – ________ – young are born live – 2 living groups • Placental mammals |
2 Subclasses of Mammals 1. Prototheria (most primitive) – Lay shelled eggs 2. Theria – Viviparous – young are born live – 2 living groups |
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Prototheria: Monotremes *• Lay _____ eggs * • Like reptiles have single opening (___) for feces, urine, & reproduction * • Lack well-developed _____ * • Only 3 living species * – Duck-billed platypus * – 2 echidna species |
Prototheria: Monotremes *• Lay shelled eggs * • Like reptiles have single opening (cloaca) for feces, urine, & reproduction * • Lack well-developed nipples * • Only 3 living species * – Duck-billed platypus * – 2 echidna species |
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Theria: Marsupials • Major difference is pattern of _____ development – Short-lived _______ – After birth, it crawls into marsupial pouch, latches onto nipple, & continues to develop • Kangaroo – isolation of Australia • Opossum – only North American marsupial |
Theria: Marsupials • Major difference is pattern of embryonic development – Short-lived placenta – After birth, it crawls into marsupial pouch, latches onto nipple, & continues to develop • Kangaroo – isolation of Australia • Opossum – only North American marsupial |
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Placental Mammals • Produce a true plecenta that ______ embryo throughout its development -Forms from both ____ & ______ tissues – Young undergo a considerable period of development before they are ____ • Includes most living mammals |
Placental Mammals • Produce a true plecenta that nourishes embryo throughout its development -Forms from both fetal & maternal tissues – Young undergo a considerable period of development before they are born • Includes most living mammals |
