Bio Chap 3

Front 1

Hydrocarbons

Back 1

nonpolar, but covalent bonds store significant energy

Front 2

Hydroxyl

Back 2

-OH

Front 3

Carbonyl

Back 3

-C=O

Front 4

Carboxyl

Back 4

OH-C=O

Front 5

Amino

Back 5

H-N-H

Front 6

Sulfhydryl

Back 6

-S-H

Front 7

Phosphate

Back 7

PO4

Front 8

Methyl

Back 8

CH3

Front 9

Structural Isomers

Back 9

molecules with same molecular or empirical formula

Front 10

Sterioisomers

Back 10

isomers that differ only in special orientation of groups

Front 11

Entantiomers

Back 11

mirror image molecules (isomers)

Front 12

Macromolecules

Back 12

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 13

Dehydration synthesis

Back 13

Formation of large molecules by the removal of water

Front 14

Hydrolysis

Back 14

breakdown of large molecules by addition of water

Front 15

Carbohydrates

Back 15

Molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Empirical formula (CH2O)n

Front 16

Monosaccharides

Back 16

Simplest carbohydrate, 6 carbon sugars play important roles, Glucose C6H12O6

Front 17

Fructose

Back 17

structural isomer of glucose

Front 18

Galactose

Back 18

stereoisomer of glucose

Front 19

Disaccharides

Back 19

2 monosacchs linked by dehyd synth, used for sugar transport, energy storage, sucrose, lactose, maltose

Front 20

Starch

Back 20

polysaccharides plants use for energy storage

Front 21

Glycogen

Back 21

polysaccharide animals use for energy storage

Front 22

Cellulose

Back 22

polysacch that plants use for structural support

Front 23

Chitin

Back 23

polysaccharide that anthropods and fungi use for structural support

Front 24

Nucleotides

Back 24

monomers in nucleic acids, sugar +phosphate +nitrogenous base

Front 25

Purines

Back 25

adenine and guanine

Front 26

Pyrimidines

Back 26

thymine, cytosine, uracil

Front 27

Phosphodiester bonds

Back 27

joins nucleotides in DNA, forms phosphate backbone

Front 28

Deoxyribonecleic acid

Back 28

encodes information for animo acid sequence of proteins, double helix

Front 29

Ribonucleic acid

Back 29

single polynucleotide strand, uses information in DNA

Front 30

ATP

Back 30

adenosine triphosphate, nucleotide that is primary energy currency of cell

Front 31

NAD+, FAD+

Back 31

electron carriers for many cellular reactions

Front 32

Protein functions

Back 32

enzyme catalysis, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, storage

Front 33

Parts in Amino acid

Back 33

central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, single hydrogen, R group

Front 34

Peptide bond

Back 34

bond between amino and carboxyl groups of animo acids by dehydration synthesis

Front 35

Primary structure

Back 35

sequence of animo acids

Front 36

Secondary structure

Back 36

interaction of groups in peptide backbone, B sheets vs. a helix

Front 37

Tertiary structure

Back 37

final folded shape of amino acid chain (globular protein)

Front 38

Quaternary structure

Back 38

arrangement of individual chains in protein

Front 39

Motifs

Back 39

common elements of secondary structure in many polypeptides

Front 40

Domains

Back 40

functional units within larger structure of protein

Front 41

Chaperones

Back 41

proteins that help proteins fold correctly (deficiencies -> cystic fibrosis sometimes

Front 42

Denaturation

Back 42

protein loses structure and/or function, due to environmental conditions: pH, temp, ionic concentration

Front 43

Lipids

Back 43

molecules that are insoluble in water, high proportion of nonpolar C-H bonds

Front 44

Triglycerides

Back 44

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Front 45

Saturated fatty acid

Back 45

no double bonds between carbons atoms, higher melting pt, animal origin

Front 46

Phospholipids

Back 46

glycerol, 2 fatty acids (tails), phosphate group (head)

Front 47

Micelles

Back 47

lipid molecules with polar (hydrophilic) head toward water & nonpolar tail away

Front 48

Phospholipid bilayer

Back 48

polar head of this membrane is a glycerol-phosphate-choline