Bio Chap 2,3

Front 1

Organisms respond to ______.

Back 1

stimuli

Front 2

Organisms acquire and use ______ and ______ from the environment.

Back 2

materials and energy

Front 3

Organisms are composed of cells whose structure is both ______ and ______.

Back 3

complex and organized

Front 4

Collectively, organisms ______ over time.

Back 4

evolve

Front 5

The smallest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element is a(n) ______.

Back 5

atom

Front 6

The smallest unit of life is the ______.

Back 6

cell

Front 7

Cells of a specific type within multicellular organisms combine to form ______.

Back 7

tissue

Front 8

A(n) ______ consists of all of the same type of organism within a defined area.

Back 8

population

Front 9

A(n) ______ consists of all the interacting populations within the same area.

Back 9

community

Front 10

A(n) ______ consists of the community and its nonliving surroundings.

Back 10

ecosystem

Front 11

A(n) ______ is a general explanation of natural phenomena supported by extensive, reproducible tests and observations.

Back 11

scientific theory

Front 12

In contrast, a(n) ______ is a proposed explanation for observed events.

Back 12

hypothesis

Front 13

To answer specific questions about life, biologists use a general process called the ______.

Back 13

method

Front 14

An important scientific theory that explains why organisms are at once so similar and also so diverse is the theory of ______.

Back 14

evolution

Front 15

This theory explains life’s diversity as having originated primarily through the process of ______.

Back 15

natural selection

Front 16

______ are the chemical components of cells.

Back 16

molecules

Front 17

______ are structures with 2 or more tissues types working together to perform a function

Back 17

organs

Front 18

An ______ is at least 2 organs working together to perform a function.

Back 18

organ system

Front 19

An ______ is a single organism.

Back 19

individual

Front 20

The ______ is all life on earth and the nonliving portions that support it.

Back 20

biosphere

Front 21

The process of gathering evidence that is shareable and repeatable in order to answer a question is called ______

Back 21

Scientific Method

Front 22

Scientific method answers must be supported by ______

Back 22

evidence

Front 23

Steps of the Scientific Method are Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experimentation, ______.

Back 23

Conclusion

Front 24

Steps of the Scientific Method are Observation, Question, Hypothesis, ______, Experimentation, Conclusion.

Back 24

Prediction

Front 25

Steps of the Scientific Method are Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, ______, Conclusion.

Back 25

Experimentation

Front 26

Steps of the Scientific Method are ______, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experimentation, Conclusion.

Back 26

Observation

Front 27

Steps of the Scientific Method are Observation, ______, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experimentation, Conclusion.

Back 27

Question

Front 28

Steps of the Scientific Method are Observation, Question,______, Prediction, Experimentation, Conclusion.

Back 28

Hypothesis

Front 29

Experiment Design: Experiments must be reproducible and the results ______

Back 29

shareable

Front 30

Experiment Design: The sample size must be large enough to be valid; this helps reduce ______.

Back 30

statistical error

Front 31

Experiment Design: Only one ______ at a time may be tested.

Back 31

variable

Front 32

Experiment Design: Experiment must use ______

Back 32

controls

Front 33

Viruses are technically not living things, since they cannot ______ without a host

Back 33

reproduce

Front 34

(T/F) Autotrophs make their own food

Back 34

True

Front 35

(T/F) Heterotrophs must eat food, like animals

Back 35

True

Front 36

Organisms are either ______ or heterotrophs

Back 36

autotrophs

Front 37

DNA stores the information needed to make ______

Back 37

proteins

Front 38

What are the three domains of life?

Back 38

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Front 39

Bacteria are the ______ of organisms.

Back 39

simplest

Front 40

Archaea are simple ______ organisms adapted to living in harsh environments of high temperature and/or salinity.

Back 40

unicellular

Front 41

Eukarya are ______, multicellular organisms

Back 41

complex

Front 42

What are the 5 Kingdoms?

Back 42

Monera, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals

Front 43

Monera are the ______

Back 43

bacteria

Front 44

The Protists are ______ organisms like plankton and amoebas.

Back 44

single-celled

Front 45

The ______ are the mushrooms, molds & yeasts

Back 45

Fungi

Front 46

There are several levels of classification that group similar organisms together. The levels are? (hint: Kids Prefer Candy Over Fancy Green Salads)

Back 46

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

Front 47

A ______ separates the cell from its surroundings

Back 47

membrane

Front 48

Energy flows in a one-way path from the sun through all forms of life. Eventually, it is released back to the environment as ______.

Back 48

heat

Front 49

Evolution is an automatic and inevitable outcome of three natural occurrences: (1) differences in DNA (2) ______ (3) natural selection,

Back 49

inheritance

Front 50

Changes in genes, such as those caused by these random copying errors, are called ______.

Back 50

mutations

Front 51

Almost all of the natural variability among traits in individuals is caused by ______ mutations

Back 51

neutral

Front 52

(T/F) Through evolution, viruses sometimes become more infectious or more deadly, or they may gain the ability to infect new hosts.

Back 52

True

Front 53

Certain types of viruses, which include Ebola, HIV, and influenza, are very ______ in copying their genetic material and mutate about 1,000 times as often as the average animal cell.

Back 53

sloppy

Front 54

Antiviral drugs act as agents of ______ and cause drug-resistant populations of viruses to evolve.

Back 54

natural selection

Front 55

Cells contain organelles, structures specialized to carry out specific functions such as helping to synthesize large molecules, digesting food molecules, or obtaining ______

Back 55

energy

Front 56

Eukaryotic cells are extremely complex and contain a variety of ______, many of which are surrounded by membranes.

Back 56

organelles

Front 57

The term "eukaryotic" comes from Greek words meaning "true" ("eu") and "______" ("kary").

Back 57

nucleus

Front 58

______, a membrane-enclosed organelle that contains the cell's DNA.

Back 58

nucleus

Front 59

Prokaryotic cells are far simpler and generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells, and they lack ______ enclosed by membranes.

Back 59

organelles

Front 60

name-meaning "before" ("pro") the nucleus-suggests, the ______ of prokaryotic cells is not confined within a nucleus.

Back 60

DNA

Front 61

Plants are (autotrophs/heterotrophs/heterotrophic)

Back 61

autotrophs

Front 62

Animals are (autotrophs/heterotrophs/heterotrophic) and ingest (eat) their food

Back 62

heterotrophs

Front 63

Fungi are (autotrophs/heterotrophs/heterotrophic) and absorb their food

Back 63

heterotrophic

Front 64

Autotroph means "______" ("auto") and "feeding" ("trophic");

Back 64

self

Front 65

For the conclusion to be valid, the experiment and its results must be ______ not only by the original researcher but also by others.

Back 65

repeatable

Front 66

Prions, which are ______ proteins

Back 66

infectious

Front 67

Scientific theories arise through inductive reasoning, the process of creating a broad ______ based on many observations that support it and none that contradict it.

Back 67

generalization

Front 68

In science, ______ reasoning starts with a well-supported generalization such as a scientific theory and uses it to generate hypotheses about how a specific experiment or observation will turn out.

Back 68

deductive

Front 69

Theories have the potential to be ______.

Back 69

disproved

Front 70

The atoms is the basic unit of ______ and cannot be broken down further by ordinary means

Back 70

matter

Front 71

An element is a pure form of ____ containing only one kind of atom

Back 71

matter

Front 72

There are ______ naturally occurring elements

Back 72

92

Front 73

The numbers of protons and ______ equal each other.

Back 73

electrons

Front 74

Electrons orbit the nucleus in what are known as ______

Back 74

shells

Front 75

An atom whose outer electron shell is full is said to be ______

Back 75

stable

Front 76

Atoms whose outer shells have less than the full amount of the electrons are ______

Back 76

reactive

Front 77

The number of protons in the nucleus determines what is called the ______ _____

Back 77

atomic number

Front 78

The atomic mass is the number of protons added to the numbers of ______ in the nucleus

Back 78

neutrons

Front 79

An isotope of an element has the normal number of protons, but different numbers of ______

Back 79

neutrons

Front 80

A ______ is two or more elements combined together to make something new

Back 80

compound

Front 81

atoms bound together with other atoms in order to achieve a full electron shell and become ______.

Back 81

stable

Front 82

______ bonds form when 2 or more atoms share electrons in their outer shells

Back 82

Covalent

Front 83

______ bonds form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

Back 83

Ionic

Front 84

A ______ bond is the attraction between the slightly (+) H in a polar molecule and the slightly (-) charge of a nearby polar molecule.

Back 84

hydrogen

Front 85

An ______ is a chemical that, when dissolved in water, gives off hydrogen ions (H+)

Back 85

acid

Front 86

A ______ is a chemical that, when dissolved in water, gives off hydroxyl ions (OH-).

Back 86

base

Front 87

A ______ pH is 7 aka alkaline.

Back 87

neutral

Front 88

The pH scale is a logarithmic system that runs from 0 to 14. The left side of the scale measures the ______

Back 88

acids

Front 89

The pH scale is a logarithmic system that runs from 0 to 14. The right side of the scale measures the ______.

Back 89

bases

Front 90

The term organic refers to molecules with a ______ skeleton.

Back 90

carbon

Front 91

______ molecules generally lack a carbon skeleton

Back 91

Inorganic

Front 92

______ are small molecules that make up large molecules

Back 92

Monomers

Front 93

______ are large molecules

Back 93

Polymers

Front 94

______ are sugars and starches that the body uses for quick energy

Back 94

Carbohydrates

Front 95

(T/F) Carbohydrates may be made of one subunit (monosaccharides), two subunits (disaccharides) or many subunits (polysaccharides).

Back 95

True

Front 96

Fats from animal sources are typically saturated (filled with the maximum number of ______)

Back 96

hydrogens

Front 97

Fats from animal sources are typically ______ at room temp

Back 97

solid

Front 98

______ fats typically come from plant sources, have fewer hydrogens, and are liquid at room temp.

Back 98

unsaturated

Front 99

The ______ acids are DNA and RNA, which store the body's genetic info and produce the proteins that we need.

Back 99

nucleic

Front 100

______ is the chemical that provides the body's main source of energy.

Back 100

ATP

Front 101

______ are long chains of amino acids bonded together, and perform many different functions in the body, such as building muscle.

Back 101

Proteins

Front 102

radioactive, meaning that their nuclei spontaneously break apart, or ______.

Back 102

decay

Front 103

______ decay emits subatomic particles (such as neutrons) that carry large amounts of energy.

Back 103

Radioactive

Front 104

decay of radioactive ______, in contrast, may form different elements.

Back 104

nuclei

Front 105

After an organism dies, its 14 C disintegrates at a constant rate, reducing the ratio of 14 C to ______ C.

Back 105

12

Front 106

scientists can determine the age of formerly living artifacts up to about ______ years old

Back 106

50,000

Front 107

Some radioactive isotopes release particles with enough energy that they can damage ______, causing mutations

Back 107

DNA

Front 108

An atom that has acquired an overall positive or negative charge is no longer called an atom; it has become an ______.

Back 108

ion

Front 109

Biological molecules must function in a watery environment and most are formed with ______, rather than ionic, bonds.

Back 109

covalent

Front 110

Unequally shared electrons produce ______ covalent bonds

Back 110

polar

Front 111

Free radicals are produced in large numbers in the body by ______ that make energy available to cells.

Back 111

reactions

Front 112

stress that free radicals place on living cells may contribute to ______ and eventual death.

Back 112

aging

Front 113

Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide are sufficiently small that they can fit into the spaces ______ water molecules

Back 113

between

Front 114

Larger molecules with nonpolar covalent bonds, such as fats and oils, do not dissolve in water and hence are called ______

Back 114

hydrophobic

Front 115

Pure water contains ______ concentrations of OH- and H+ .

Back 115

equal

Front 116

______ is a type of molecule that tends to maintain a solution at a constant pH

Back 116

buffer

Front 117

Water forces nonpolar substances, such as oil, to form ______.

Back 117

clumps

Front 118

The subunits of large biological molecules are usually joined by a chemical reaction called ______ synthesis

Back 118

dehydration

Front 119

In dehydration synthesis, H+ is removed from 1 subunit and a OH- is removed from a 2nd subunit, leaving openings in the outer electron shells. These openings are filled when the subunits share electrons, creating a ______bond that links them.

Back 119

covalent

Front 120

The opposite of dehydration is ______

Back 120

hydrolysis

Front 121

______ breaks apart the molecule into its original subunits, with water donating a hydrogen ion to one subunit and a hydroxyl ion to the other

Back 121

Hydrolysis