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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a lipid
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fat, oil
organic molecules |
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what kind of bonds share the electrons equally
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no polar, covalent bonds
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T/F lipids are non polar and hydrophllic
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F
lipids are non polar but they are hydrophobic |
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what are hydrocarbons
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they only have hydrogen and carbon bonded together and are typically a type of lipid or fatty acid
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what are the components of a fatty acid
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a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain.
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what is the structure called idpprene look like?
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H2C=C-CH3
C=CH2 H |
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what are the 3 main types of lipids
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fats
stariods phospholipids |
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explain fats
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linked to a glycerol
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explain steroids
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distinguished by a four-ring structure. very important to mammals
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explain phopholipids
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consist of a glycerol that is linked to a phophate group and to either 2 chains of isoprene or 2 fatty acids
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what is one of the main things that is made up bu phospholipids?
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cellular membrane
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what is amphipathic mean
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containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
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what is an example of amphipathic
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phospholipids the "head" region is hydrophilic and the "tail" is hydrophobic
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what are micelles
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small dropelets of phospholipids
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arrange these in the amount they get through the bilayer the easiest:
H2O, Glucose, ions, O2 |
O2, H2O, Glucose, and ions
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define unsaturated and saturated in comparision with lipid bilayers
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when there is a double bond in the tails of the lipid then it is unsaturated. Saturated is when the max amount of single bonds is reached in the tails of the lipids
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when the temp goes down what does the membrane do
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become less fluid
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what is a solute
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some thing being dissolved in to a solvent
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what is a solvent
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something that wil dissolve a solute, a liquid, typically water
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what is a solution
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a combo of solute and solvent
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whar is the concentration gradient
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the measure of the amount of ions on one side of the bilayer and the other, will move from high to low
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what is the differnce bewteen osmosis and diffusion
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osmosis is when the water (solvent) moves and then diffusion is when the solute moves
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what is hypotonic
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when due to osmosis, water moves into the cell and the cell lysis
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what is hypertonic
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when due to osmosis, water moves out of the cell and the cell then shrinks
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what is isotonic
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when there is equalilbrium in the cell and the out side of the cell.
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what is a trans membrane protein
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when the protein in the cell membrane is all the way through the membrane
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what is a perpheral protein
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when the protein is faceing the outside of the cell.
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what is an intergral protein
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when the protein is most of the way membrane but not all the way through.
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what is a transport protein
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a type of protein that can help move ions and molecules through the membrane
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wat are the three types
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channel, carrier protein, and a pump
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what is a carrier protein
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a passive transport of movement of protiens. move by changing shape when the moleculebinds to the sopt
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what is a pump protein
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an active way to move the protins from one side to the other. needs ATP. one example is the Na+ K+ pump, cn move again the electorchemical gradient
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what is the electrochemical gradinet
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the differnce of the net charge of one side in compared to the other
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T/F prokaryoes have a nucleus
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F Eukaryotes have a bond nuclus
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name some of the diffences bewteen proaryotic and ekaryotic cells
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euaryotes have membrane bound chromosomes
eukaryotes are lager eukaryotic have extensive amounts of cytoskeleton eukaryoic are more dives |
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what is the cytosol
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the liquid part of the cell
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what is the cytolpasm
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everything in the cell
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what are synthesised on the rough ER
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protein
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what does the gogi apparatus do
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finishes and packages the synthesised protein from the rough ER.
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what does the smooth ER synthesis
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fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis
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what is the parts of the endomembrane system
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rough ER
gogi Smooth ER |
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what is the cic side of the gogi
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toward the rough ER
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what is th trans side of the gogi
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away from the rough ER
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what are lysomoes
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single membrane stoange of waste. in animals this can be used for digestion
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What is Endocytosis
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the process whch a cel membrane can pich off a vesical to bring some material from outside the cell to inside.
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phagocytosis
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the cell can "eat" an entire cell
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what is qutophagy
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merge contens of a vesical with the cell
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what is receptor mediated endocytosis
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when the some thing gets binded to the recptors to the cell and then they "eat"
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what is pinocytosis
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endocytosis but only liquid in to the cell
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what is a vaculoe
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specialized lysomes much larger!!!
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what is a lumen
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internal structure
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what is mitchondria
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the series of the sac-like dristae (two membrane) the luman is filles with matrix
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What are cytoskeleton
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gives the cell structure
in fungi, alge, and plants the cytoskeleton is cell walls |
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T/F cells are dynamic
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T
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what is the nuclear envelope
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a lipid bilayer that contains small openings so that protein can get into the nucleus
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what is the nuclear localization signal (NLS)
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a type of "zip code" so that the protein can get into the nuclear envelpe
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what are the 3 sizes of the cytoskeleton fibers
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microfilimients
intermeate fiflimaents macrotubles |
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what are the flagella and cilia
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hair like structures that help move the cell. flagella are large and there is only 1 or 2 per cell where the cilia are small and there are alot all around the cell
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what is axoneme
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the cilia and flagella complex structure of 9 microtubles and 2 main tubles connected by protein stains to look like a bike tire
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where is all of the cell-cell interactions
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in the extracellular membrane
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what is the plant cell wall made of
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cellulose
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what is the animal cell extracellular matrix made of
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collegen, elestic and flexiable
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how are cell walls in plants held together
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middle lomelle andepithella sells
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what are tight junctions
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speciallized proteins that make a bond between cells that is like a glued together quilt that is water tight
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what are desmosome
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the like the cells together by proteins that are connected to the cytoskeleton of the cell
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what is selective adhesion
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dissociated cells can aggregare and adhere to cells of the same tissue types and eventually reform
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what are gap junctions
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a channel in the extracellular matrix that can transfer ons and molecules over
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wat is a kind of signal
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hormone
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what is endorgonic reactions
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absorb heat
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what is an exogonic reaction
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releases heat
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what does celluar resporation produce
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30 ATP molecules
NADH FADH |
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what are the main 3 steps of cellular respriation
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glucose to pyruvate
pyruvate to Accdeo Co A accdeo Co A to CO2 |
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what is being reduced in cellular respriation
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the O is being reduced to H2O
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What is being oxideized in cellular respriation
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the gluclose is being oxidized lossing one of the H+ ions
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what does gluclose break down to becom?
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2 pyruvate
the glucose is a 6 C moleucle and then it breaks down into 2 3 C pyruvate molecules |
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where does glycolysis occur
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it occurs outside of the mithochodria in the cytosol of the cell
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What does NAD+ turn in to and by which process does this happen
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NAD+ turns into NADH, an electron carrier that is made by the addition of an electron during glycolysis
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where does the dpyruvate break down
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in the matrix of the mitochodria
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where does the kreb cycle occure in
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the matrix of the mithocodria
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