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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
kinetic vs. potential energy
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kinetic: energy of movement (light, heat, electricity)
potential: stored energy (ball on ledge) |
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what does it mean to say entropy increases as energy is converted from one form to another?
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there tends to be a loss of orderliness, results in increase in randomness and disorder
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how do things stay ordered?
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constant input of energy, from sun and our food
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what happens in a chemical reaction??
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forms or breaks chemical bonds that hold atoms together (reactants --> products)
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exergonic vs. endergonic
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exergonic: releases energy, reactants have more energy than products
endergonic: requires input of energy, products have more energy than reactants |
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why is activation energy required for both?
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because there is a shell of neg charged electrons surround molecules, these must be forced together, which requires energy
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why is photosynthesis considered and energonic reaction?
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it requires energy, sunlight, to begin the process and the product (sugar) has more energy than its reactants
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where does the energy to drive and endergonic reaction like muscle contration come from?
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energy realeased from exergonic reactions
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what is the energy carrier molecule in cells?
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ATP
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is ATP short or long term energy storage?
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short term, its unstable
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where is the energy in ATP stored?
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inbetween the chemical bonds between the 2 phosphate groups
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when ATP is broken down what are the products?
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ADP, energy, and a phosphate
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what is the heat released used for?`
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maintain high body temp for animals, allows them to move faster and respond more quickly
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what are 2 other energy carrying molecules?
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electron carriers, NAD+ and FAD
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where is the energy stored?
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in bonds between H and NAD
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chemical reactions can be either...
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anabolic (building molecules) or catabolic (breaking down)
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metabolism is...
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sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
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2 metabolic pathways
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photosynthesis (anabolic)
glycolysis |
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why do living cells require enzymes to control chemical reactions
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because they have to do reactions at certain temp, and enzymes allow that to happen
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2 energy carriers other than ATP
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NADH and FAD
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common things between inorganic and organic molecules
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1.speed up reactions by lowering AE
2.rxn still has to occur naturally 3.are not consumed |
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what organic molecule are most enxymes composed of?
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proteins, tertiary
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2 characteristics of biological catalysts, but not inorganic
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contain carbon, proteins
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what fits into active site of enxyme?
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substrate
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what 2 features of active site make it fit with only specific molecules?
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shape, and electrical charge
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what 2 things chage shape when a substrate enters active site?
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substrates and active site change shape
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why is the finished product rejected after the reaction has taken place?
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no longer fits properly in active site
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what happens to enzyme after products are rejected?
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goes back to its orginal configuration
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5 ways cells regulate enzyme activity
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1.making more (synthesizing)
2.making inactive ones (for later) 3.feedback inhibition 4.allosteric inhibition (change shape) 5.competitive inhibition (compete for active site) |
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what 4 environmental conditions affect the activity of enzymes?
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temp, pH, salt concentration, and presence of co-enzymes
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how does salt/refridge help preserve food?
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kills bacteria by forming bonds wiht enzymes
fridge slows movement, less change of getting into active site |
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why are vitamins important?
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used by body to synthesize conenzymes
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