Bio Ch. 48 Defense

Front 1

The world is teeming with microscopic organisms called _____ which include ______

Back 1

microbes; including bacteria, viruses, protists, and fungi

Front 2

when microbes cause disease they are called:

Back 2

pathogens

Front 3

invertebrates lack immune systems and thus rely on nonspecific defenses such as:

Back 3

-External skeletons
-Slimy secretions
-Internal white blood cells that -attack pathogens and secrete proteins to neutralize invaders and toxins
-Proteins identified in horseshoe crabs are similar to those found in vertebrates

Front 4

Mucous membranes

Back 4

have effective microbe defense mechanisms

Front 5

Three major categories of nonspecific internal defenses:

Back 5

-Phagocytic cells and natural killer cells
-The inflammatory response
-Fever

Front 6

Natural Killer Cells

Back 6

-Attack body cells that are cancerous or infected with virus
--Secrete enzymes that poke holes in the cell membrane of virally-infected or cancerous cells

Front 7

Macrophages and neutrophils

Back 7

White blood cells that ingest dead cells, cellular debris, and microbes by phagocytosis

Front 8

The immune response involves specialized white blood cells called

Back 8

lymphocytes, b-cells and t-cells

Front 9

the immune system

Back 9

lymphocytes, the chemicals they produce, and the organs that they live in

Front 10

3 steps of immune response:

Back 10

-First: the immune system must recognize an invader
-Second: the immune system must launch an attack
-Third: the immune system must remember specific invaders to ward off future infections

Front 11

Foreign invaders exhibit characteristic:

Back 11

Antigens
-Foreign molecules that are particular to an invading microbe or toxin
-Immune cells respond to the presence of antigens
ex. proteins

Front 12

Antibodies

Back 12

-proteins that can be attached to B cells or free-floating in the blood
-Y-shaped molecules made of light peptide chains and heavy peptide chains

Front 13

immune system can recognize "itself" due to

Back 13

major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) on body cells

Front 14

vaccination

Back 14

-Inactive antigens stimulate humoral and cell-mediated immunity so memory cells form
-Long term immunity results without having to be exposed to the disease
-Examples: small pox, tetanus, mumps

Front 15

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Back 15

is a retrovirus that infects and destroys helper T cells

Front 16

Cancer

Back 16

a disease characterized by the unchecked growth of malignant tumor cells

Front 17

3 main treatments for cancer

Back 17

Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy