Bio Ch. 46 Brain

Front 1

functions of neurons

Back 1

receive info, integrate info, conduct signals over distances, transmit signals to other organs/neurons/tissues

Front 2

4 structural regions

Back 2

dendrites, the cell body, axon, synaptic terminals

Front 3

sensory neurons

Back 3

receive info from external or internal environment

Front 4

associate neurons

Back 4

integrate info from many different sources and activate motor neurons

Front 5

effectors

Back 5

muscles or glands that perform the desired response

Front 6

the reflex

Back 6

an involuntary movement of a body part in response to a stimulus

Front 7

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 7

-consists of a brain and a spinal cord
-skull and vertebral column

Front 8

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 8

consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body; has several subdivisions

Front 9

(CNS) meninges

Back 9

-a triple layer of connective tissue
-cerebrospinal fluid b/w the meninges aids in cushioning the CNS

Front 10

(CNS) blood-brain barrier

Back 10

relatively impermeable brain capillaries; prevents microbes and damaging chemicals from entering the brain

Front 11

Spinal Cord

Back 11

cable of axons protected by the backbone; transmits signals b/w the brain and the body

Front 12

spinal cord anatomy

Back 12

grey matter and white matter

Front 13

grey matter

Back 13

consists mostly of cell bodies of motor and association neurons

Front 14

white matter

Back 14

surrounds grey matter; consists mostly of myelinated axons; sends impulses up and down the spinal cord

Front 15

the brain

Back 15

3 anatomical and functional subdivisions: midbrain, forebrain, and hindbrain

Front 16

hindbrain

Back 16

includes: the Medulla controls several autonomic functions, such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure; the Pons plays a role in the transition from sleep to wakefulness, and regulates breathing rate; the Cerebellum helps coordinate movements of the body

Front 17

midbrain

Back 17

contains the reticular formation; an important relay and sensory filtering station; extends from the medulla into the lower regions of the forebrain

Front 18

the forebrain

Back 18

the Thalamus: channels sensory information from all parts of the body to the limbic system and cerebral cortex;

Front 19

the limbic system

Back 19

A group of structures that produce our most basic and primitive emotions, drives, and behaviors; composed of
the Hypothalamus, the Amygdala, the Hippocampus

Front 20

hypothalumus

Back 20

a coordinating center between the nervous and endocrine systems

Front 21

amygdala

Back 21

produces sensations of pleasure and fear

Front 22

hippocampus

Back 22

is involved in emotional behaviors and the formation of long-term memory

Front 23

cerebral cortex

Back 23

-convoluted outer layer of the forebrain
-divided into two hemispheres connected by a large band of axons (the corpus callosum)

Front 24

4 anatomical regions of the cerebral cotrex

Back 24

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

Front 25

primary sensory areas (cc)

Back 25

where sensory signals are received, impressions are formed

Front 26

association areas (cc)

Back 26

interpret sounds and link sensory stimuli with memories

Front 27

primary motor areas (cc)

Back 27

in the frontal lobe; stimulate motor neurons

Front 28

left hemisphere of brain dominates:

Back 28

Speech
Reading
Writing
Language comprehension
Mathematical ability
Logical problem solving

Front 29

right brain hemisphere dominates:

Back 29

Recognizing faces and spatial relationships
Artistic and musical ability
Recognition and expression of emotion

Front 30

2 types of learning

Back 30

working and long-term memory

Front 31

working memory

Back 31

short term memory caused by electrical or chemical changes in neural circuits

Front 32

long-term memory

Back 32

-involve structural changes that increase the number or effectiveness of synapses
-The hippocampus is important for the transfer of working into long-term memory
-temporal lobes are important in the retrieval of long-term memories
-also involved with memory recognition of faces and objects, as well as understanding language

Front 33

sensory receptors

Back 33

-cells that transduce the energy of a specific signal into an electrical signal
--this signal is called a receptor potential
-if the receptor potential is positive enough, an action potential forms -->the more positive the receptor potential, the higher the frequency of action potential formation

Front 34

the outer ear

Back 34

captures sound waves and aids in sound source localization

Front 35

external ear

Back 35

collects sound waves and directs them into the skull

Front 36

auditory canal

Back 36

carries sound waves to the middle ear

Front 37

volume (sound)

Back 37

Larger sound vibrations bend hair cells more, which is perceived as louder sounds
Very loud or prolonged sounds can damage hair cells

Front 38

How is light sensed?

Back 38

-All forms of vision use photoreceptors
-Cells that contain photopigments that absorb light, which produces chemical changes
-When photopigments change, receptor potentials form

Front 39

the mammalian eye functions

Back 39

collects, focuses, and transduces light waves

Front 40

the adjustable lens (eye)

Back 40

-allows focusing of distant and nearby objects
--muscles attached to the lens can contract and change the shape of the lens
-allows images to be focused on the fovea of the retina when looking at objects at different distances

Front 41

the retina

Back 41

-light striking the retina is captured by photoreceptors
-rods and cones
-signal-processing neurons
-ganglion cells

Front 42

rods and cones (retina)

Back 42

-photoreceptors at the rear of the retina
-transduce light stimuli, forming receptor potentials

Front 43

signal-processing neurons

Back 43

Process receptor potentials and pass forward impulses

Front 44

chemoreceptors

Back 44

detect the presence of chemicals in fluids; terrestrial vertebrate methods of detecting chemicals outside the body

Front 45

olfactory receptors

Back 45

-located in the upper nasal cavity
-have hair-like dendrites that protrude into a mucus layer
-odorous molecules in air dissolve in nasal cavity mucus and bind to receptors on olfactory dendrites
-receptor potentials formed and sent to brain

Front 46

how many taste buds does our tongue have?

Back 46

about 10,000

Front 47

taste buds name

Back 47

papillae

Front 48

taste bud facts

Back 48

-each contains 60-80 taste receptor cells
-taste receptor microvilli project out a taste pore
-dissolbed chemicals enter the pore and bind to receptors on microvilli
-receptor potentials form

Front 49

tastes of taste buds

Back 49

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami flavors

Front 50

pain

Back 50

-the perception of tissue damage

Front 51

pain is stimulated by 2 chemical stimuli...

Back 51

-Potassium ions
-Bradykinin, which is formed from enzymes released from damaged tissue