Bio Ch 45

Front 1

tissue

Back 1

groups of cells similar in shape and function that perform a particular job

Front 2

muscle tissue

Back 2

specialized tissue designed to shorten and contract to allow for movement

Front 3

nerve tissue

Back 3

tissue specialized for transmitting electrical messages from your central nervous system to the rest of your body and vice versa

Front 4

neurons

Back 4

nerve cells

Front 5

epithelial tissue

Back 5

tissue that covers and/or lines all internal and external body surfaces

Front 6

connective tissue

Back 6

specialized tissue that binds body parts together

Front 7

cranial cavity

Back 7

portion of the skull that contains the brain

Front 8

spinal cavity

Back 8

area within the vertebral column that houses the spinal cord

Front 9

thoracic cavity

Back 9

part of the body that houses your lungs and heart

Front 10

abdominal cavity

Back 10

part of the body containing your stomach and intestines

Front 11

diaphragm

Back 11

muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and aid in breathing

Front 12

skeletal system

Back 12

group of several different organs acting together to provide support and protection in animals

Front 13

axial skeleton

Back 13

the portion of skeleton including the skull vertebral column, sternum, and rib cage

Front 14

appendicular skeleton

Back 14

the bones of the hips, arms, and legs

Front 15

periosteum

Back 15

thin but strong outer layer covering all large bones

Front 16

compact bone

Back 16

dense outer layer of bone tissue that provides strength

Front 17

spongy bone

Back 17

porous layer of bone tissue found on the inside of bones

Front 18

Haversian canals

Back 18

network of narrow canals that run through the center of long bones and store nerves and blood vessels

Front 19

osteocytes

Back 19

bone cells which are small and compact

Front 20

lamellae

Back 20

cylinders of mineral crystals (Ca) and protein that surround the Haversian canals

Front 21

bone marrow

Back 21

soft tissue found in the center of long bones and flat bones

Front 22

red marrow

Back 22

found in flat bones and the ends of long bones, makes red blood cells called erythrocytes

Front 23

yellow marrow

Back 23

specialized material produced in the central shafts of long bones responsible for the production of fat molecules acting as an energy source

Front 24

ossification

Back 24

the process by which cartilage is converted to bone tissue by the deposition of calcium between osteocytes

Front 25

exoskeleton

Back 25

skeleton on the outside of the organism

Front 26

endoskeleton

Back 26

skeleton on the inside of the organism's body

Front 27

support

Back 27

allows us to stand upright and provides a surface to which tendons, ligaments, and muscles attach

Front 28

protection

Back 28

keeps vital organs from getting injured

Front 29

connective tissue

Back 29

tissue that binds or holds body parts together

Front 30

ligaments

Back 30

connect bone to bone

Front 31

tendons

Back 31

connect muscle to bone

Front 32

cartilage

Back 32

specialized type of connective tissue that provides support with flexibility

Front 33

joint

Back 33

any place in the skeletal system where one bone meets another

Front 34

hinge joint

Back 34

type of joint that allows for 180 motion (ex. jaw, knee, elbow)

Front 35

ball and socket

Back 35

type of joint that allows for 360 rotational movement (ex. hip and shoulder)

Front 36

fixed joint

Back 36

type of joint where there is no movement

Front 37

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 37

type of arthritis produced when the body's immune system begins to attack body tissues

Front 38

Osteoarthritis

Back 38

a degenerative disease of the joints resulting in thinning or wearing away of the periosteum covering the bones

Front 39

Osteoporosis

Back 39

a disease characterized by the bone becoming more porous and less dense

Front 40

sprains

Back 40

injuries that occur through stress to your ligaments at a joint

Front 41

suture lines

Back 41

squiggly lines on the cranium that indicate where the four boney plates of the skull grew together

Front 42

cranium

Back 42

the portion of the skull which acts to protect the brain

Front 43

maxilla

Back 43

the upper jaw bone attached to the cranium by a fixed point

Front 44

mandible

Back 44

lower jaw bone attached to the cranium by a hinge joint

Front 45

thoracic vertebrae

Back 45

12 vertebrae to which ribs are attached

Front 46

lumbar vertebrae

Back 46

five vertebrae of our lower back

Front 47

sacrum or sacral vertebrae

Back 47

the five fused vertebrae upon which we sit

Front 48

coccyx vertebrae

Back 48

3-5 small vertebrae that are the remnants of a tailbone

Front 49

sternum

Back 49

breast plate which serves to protect your heart and to which ribs attach by cartilage

Front 50

clavicle

Back 50

term fro each of the two collar bones

Front 51

scapula

Back 51

shoulder blade

Front 52

ribs

Back 52

12 pairs of flat bones that enclose and protect the lungs

Front 53

humerus

Back 53

upper-arm bone sometimes called "funny bone"

Front 54

radius

Back 54

the forearm bone on the side of the thumb

Front 55

ulna

Back 55

the forearm bone on the side of the pinkie

Front 56

carpals

Back 56

seven individual bones of the wrist

Front 57

chitin and calcite

Back 57

materials that make up exoskeletons

Front 58

cartilage and bone

Back 58

materials that make up endoskeleton

Front 59

support and protection

Back 59

2 functions of the skeleton system

Front 60

cartilage discs

Back 60

cushion the vertebral column as it flexes and also help keep the vertebrae aligned

Front 61

cervical vertebrae

Back 61

seven bones of the neck

Front 62

carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 62

a condition in which the opening between the carpals, through which nerves and blood vessels pass, is narrowed by either inflammation or calcium deposits

Front 63

metacarpals

Back 63

five bones of the hand

Front 64

phalanges

Back 64

two larger bones of the fingers and toes

Front 65

digits

Back 65

the tips or smallest bones of the fingers and toes

Front 66

pelvic bone or pelvis

Back 66

name for each of the two hip bones

Front 67

pelvic girdle

Back 67

term used to describe the structure made up of the two pelvic bones together

Front 68

femur

Back 68

thigh bone, largest and strongest bone in your body

Front 69

patella

Back 69

knee cap which is attached by ligaments to the femur and tibia

Front 70

fibula

Back 70

smaller of the two lower leg bones

Front 71

tibia

Back 71

larger bone of the lower leg which functions as our shin bone

Front 72

tarsals

Back 72

general term for each of the seven ankle bones

Front 73

calcaneous

Back 73

heel bone or tarsal to which the Achilles tendon attaches

Front 74

metatarsals

Back 74

bones of our feet

Front 75

phalanges

Back 75

bones of the toes

Front 76

digits

Back 76

the tiny bones at the tip of the toes

Front 77

epiphyseal plate

Back 77

the end of the long bones where mitosis or elongation of the bone occurs with maturity

Front 78

skeletal muscle

Back 78

muscle attached to bone and moves it through contractions of muscle fibers

Front 79

muscle fibers

Back 79

elongated (long and thin) cells containing many nuclei and striations

Front 80

fascicles

Back 80

dense bundles of muscle fibers held together by connective tissue

Front 81

smooth muscle

Back 81

type of muscle found lining the digestive system, blood vessels, and other internal organs

Front 82

cardiac muscle

Back 82

composes the muscle of your heart

Front 83

cardiac fibers

Back 83

share certain things in common with both skeletal and smooth muscle in that they are striated like skeletal muscle and have single nuclei like smooth muscle

Front 84

voluntary muscle

Back 84

that which you can control

Front 85

involuntary muscle

Back 85

operates on its own without your conscious control

Front 86

myofibrils

Back 86

made up of two types of structural protein filaments called actin and myosin

Front 87

origin

Back 87

the end of the muscle (or tendon) that attaches to a fixed or non-moving part

Front 88

insertion

Back 88

the end of the muscle (or tendon) attached to the bone to be moved

Front 89

belly

Back 89

the central (normally) fatter portion of the muscle

Front 90

flexor

Back 90

the muscle that bend a joint

Front 91

extensor

Back 91

muscle that straightens a joint

Front 92

muscle fatigue

Back 92

the physiological inability of a muscle to contract

Front 93

oxygen debt

Back 93

lack of oxygen available in muscle tissue to carry out aerobic respiration

Front 94

muscular dystrophy

Back 94

a type of genetic disease that causes the slow wasting away of skeletal muscle

Front 95

integument

Back 95

the scientific name for the skin and its main function is to cover and protect the body from infection along with preventing water loss or dehydration

Front 96

epidermis

Back 96

the outermost layer which consists mainly of dead cells

Front 97

dermis

Back 97

the living layer of cells found below the dermis