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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the key qualities of a plant?
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A photosynthetic eukaryote that
- uses chlorophylls a and b - stores carbohydrates (starch) - cell walls contain cellulose - develops from an embryo protected by tissues of the parent plant |
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How many branches of the evolutionary tree does the kingdom Plantae form?
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It is MONOPHYLETIC, forming a single branch of the evolutionary tree
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What is the closing living relative to plants?
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A group of green algae called Charophytes
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What is a universal feature of the life cycles of plants and what does it include?
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Alternation of generations
- Multicellular diploid individuals - Multicellular haploid individuals |
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What does mitosis produce versus meiosis?
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Mitosis produces gametes
Meiosis produces spores that develop into multicellular haploid individuals |
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What is the sporophyte and how does it work?
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- The multicellular, diploid plant
- Cells contained in the sporangia on the sporophyte produce haploid, unicellular spores by meiosis |
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What is the gametophyte?
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The multicellular, haploid plant formed by mitosis and cytokinesis of a spore
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What is the prominent plant in Tracheophytes and the prominent plant in Nontracheophytes?
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- The prominent plant in Tracheophytes is the sporophyte
- The prominent plant is Nontracheophytes is the gametophyte |
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What plants are Nontracheophytes?
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- Liverworts
- Hornworts - Mosses |
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What is a Tracheophytes?
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Vascular plant
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What plants are Nonseed Tracheophytes?
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- Club mosses
- Ferns |
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What did the first plants lack?
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Vascular tissue
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What are tracheids?
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Water conducting xylem
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Tell me about the vascular system of tracheophytes and what they consist of…
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Have a well-developed vascular system which consists of two specialized tissues:
- Phloem: conducts products of photosynthesis (plant food) - Xylem: conducts water and minerals (and also provides support) |
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In nontracheophytes, how would you identify the gametophyte?
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The familiar green structure visible to the naked eye
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WHERE does a nontracheophyte sporophyte produce its spores?
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Within a sporangium or capsule
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Tell me about phylum Hepatophyta…
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- aka. Liverworts
- May be the most ancient surviving plant clade - Have RHIZOIDS |
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How do some Liverworts distribute their spores?
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They use spring-like structures called ELATORS
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Species of the Liverwort genus Marchantia and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. How does asexual reproduction occur?
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- By simple fragmentation of the gametophyte
- Produce GEMMAE (in gemmae cups) which develop into a new plant |
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Tell me about phylum Anthocerophyta…
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- aka. Hornworts
- Have STOMATA, which allow the uptake of CO2 and the release of O2, and prevent excessive water loss - STOMATA first appeared in hornworts |
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What are two characteristics that distinguish hornworts from liverworts and mosses?
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1) Hornwort cells contain a single large, plate-like chloroplast
2) Hornwort sporophytes have no stalk |
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What is the significance of cyanobacteria in Hornworts?
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- Often populate internal, mucilage-filled cavities within hornworts
- Cyanobacteria are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen gas into a form that can be used by the hornwort |
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Tell me about the phylum Bryophyta…
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- aka. Mosses
- Sister to the tracheophytes - Have Hydroid cells |
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What is a protonema?
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A branched, filamentous structure that develops from the moss gametophyte following spore
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What is a tracheid and what of organisms is it found in?
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It is the principal water-conducting element in the xylem of all tracheophytes except the angiosperms
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What are two important features of tracheid evolution?
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- Rigid structural support
- A branching, independent sporophyte |
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Who are part of the phylum Lycophyta?
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Club mosses
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Who are part of the phylum Pteridophyta?
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Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns
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What do homosporous and hetersporous mean?
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Homosporous: bearing a single type of spore
Heterosporous: bearing two distinct types of spores |
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In heterosporous plants, what do the megaspore and the microspore develop into?
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- The megaspore develops into a larger, specifically female gametophyte (megagametophyte)
- The microspore develops into the smaller, male gametophyte (microgametophyte) |
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Tell me about what the non-seed Tracheophytes have…
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- A large, independent sporophyte
- A small, independent, short-lived gametophyte |
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What type of plant are the most abundant and diverse phylum of the nonseed tracheophytes?
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Ferns
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Tell me about the phylum Lycophyta…
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- aka. Club Mosses
- Have simple leaves arranged spirally on a stem - Have microphylls |
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Tell me about Club Moss sporangia…
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Contained within cone-like structures called strobili, clusters of spore-bearing leaves inserted between a specialized leaf and the stem.
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Tell me about the phylum Pteridophyta…
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- aka. Horsetails (also whisk ferns and ferns)
- Their leaves are reduced megaphylls and grow in whorls - Stems contain silica, used to clean pots & pans |
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What is significant about whisk ferns?
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- Evolved fairly recently
- Their gametophytes live below the surface of the ground and lack chlorophyll |
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What is significant about ferns?
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- Their sporophytes have true roots, stems, and leaves
- Characterized by fronds, large leaves - Heart-shaped gametophyte |
