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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
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Anatomy: The study of physical structures that make up an organism
Physiology: The study of the way a living organism’s physical parts function |
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What is the Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function?
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Anatomy and physiology are inseparable because what a structure can do depends on its specific form; function always reflects structure
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How is the human body organized?
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-Made up of many parts working together in a coordinated fashion
-Organized hierarchically -Smaller components are organized into increasingly larger units |
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Define tissue.
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integrated groups of specialized cells
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Name the four kinds of specialized tissues in animals.
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Epithelial
Connective Muscle Nervous |
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Define organ.
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structure made up of different tissue types working together to carry out a common function
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Name the 11 organ systems of the human body.
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. |
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What are the two systems of communication in the body and how do they differ?
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Nervous System: Collection of organs that sense and respond to information, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Endocrine System: Collection of hormone-secreting glands and organs. |
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Define homeostasis.
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The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment even when the external environment changes.
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Define thermoregulation.
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Maintenance of a relatively stable internal body temperature
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How does our body regulate in the cold?
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vasoconstriction (conserves heat)
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How does our body regulate in heat?
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vasodilation (brings heat to the surface)
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What is the hypothalamus and what role does it play in thermoregulation?
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Master coordinator region of the brain
The body’s thermostat at the base of brain Receives signals from sensors Sends information to effectors |
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Describe the difference between sensors and effectors.
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Sensor: A specialized cell that detects specific sensory input like temperature, pressure, or solute concentrations.
Effector: A cell or tissue that acts to exert a response on the basis of information relayed from a sensor. |
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How do the sensors and effectors work to regulate homeostasis?
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Define hypothermia.
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A drop in body temperature below 35oC (95oF), which causes enzyme malfunction and eventually, death.
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Define acclimation.
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Physiologically adjusting to environmental change over time
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What is hypoxia?
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low level of oxygen in blood
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What is the pancreas and what hormones does it release?
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Glucose levels regulated by pancreas An organ that secretes insulin and glucagon, as well as digestive enzymes |
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Define hormone.
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Hormone: Chemical messenger that travel through the bloodstream, bind to receptors on a target cell, and effect a change in the cell.
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How does insulin and glucagon work together to regulate blood glucose levels?
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Insulin: A hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes a decrease in blood sugar.
Glucagon: A hormone produced by the pancreas that causes an increase in blood sugar. |
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Define osmoregulation and name a hormone that plays a role.
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Maintenance of relatively stable volume, pressure, and solute concentration of bodily fluids, especially blood
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What is the function of the kidneys?
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An organ involved in osmoregulation, filtrations of blood to remove wastes, and production of several important hormones.
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Define comparative anatomy.
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The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species
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Describe the difference between endotherms and ectotherm, and give an example of each.
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Endotherm
animal that can generate body heat internally to maintain its body temperature Ectotherm animal that relies on environmental sources (sunlight) to maintain its body temperature |
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Give two examples of non shivering thermogenesis.
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-“Heater tissue”
Specialized tissue acts to generate heat -Specialized mitochondria |
