Bio Ch# 12-14

Front 1

B-cells

Back 1

Specialized cells of the immune system that are used to generate and release antibodies

Front 2

Biochip

Back 2

a special type of microarray that holds thousands of samples on a chip the size of a postage stamp

Front 3

combinatorial chemistry

Back 3

the synthesis of larger organic molecules from smaller ones@DNA synthesizer

Front 4

combinatorial chemistry

Back 4

the synthesis of larger organic molecules from smaller ones

Front 5

DNA synthesizer

Back 5

an instrument that produces short sections of DNA

Front 6

drug

Back 6

chemical that alters the effects of proteins or other molecules associated with a disease-causing mechanism

Front 7

drug discovery

Back 7

the process of identifying molecules to treat a disease

Front 8

flow cytometry

Back 8

a process by which cells are sorted by an instrument

Front 9

immunity

Back 9

protection against any foreign disease- causing agent

Front 10

library

Back 10

a collection of compounds

Front 11

medical biotechnology

Back 11

all the areas of research,development, and manufacturing of items that prevent or treat disease or alleviate the symptoms of disease

Front 12

medicine

Back 12

something that prevents or treats disease or alleviates the symptoms of disease

Front 13

medicine

Back 13

something that prevents or treats disease or alleviates the symptoms of disease

Front 14

microarray

Back 14

a small glass slide or silicon chip with thousands of samples on it that can be used to assess the presence of a DNA sequence related to the expression of certain proteins

Front 15

oligonudeotides

Back 15

segments of nucleic acid that are 50 nucleotides or less in length

Front 16

parallel synthesis

Back 16

making large numbers of batches of similar compounds at the same time

Front 17

pathogenesis

Back 17

the origin and development of a disease

Front 18

peptide synthesizer

Back 18

an instrument that is used to make peptides, up to a maximum of a few dozen amino acids in length

Front 19

peptides

Back 19

short amino acid chains that are not folded into a functional protein

Front 20

screening

Back 20

the assessment of hundreds, thousands, or even millions of molecules or samples

Front 21

vaccine

Back 21

an agent that stimulates the immune system to provide protection against a particular antigen or disease

Front 22

biodefense

Back 22

relating to all the methods used to protect a population from exposure to biological agents

Front 23

bioinformatics

Back 23

the use of computers and databases to analyze and relate large amounts of biological data

Front 24

bioterrorism

Back 24

the use of biological agents to attack humans, plants, or animals

Front 25

environmental biotechnology

Back 25

a field of biotechnology whose applications include monitoring and correcting the health of populations, communities, and ecosystems

Front 26

genomics

Back 26

the study of all the genes and DNA code of an organism

Front 27

marine biotechnology

Back 27

the study and manipulation of marine organisms, their component molecules, cells, tissues, or organs

Front 28

nanotechnology

Back 28

pertaining to all technologies that operate on a nanometer scale

Front 29

pharmacogenetics

Back 29

a branch of biotechnology that involves utilizing the genetic and protein codes to design or improve medications

Front 30

amplification

Back 30

increase in the number of copies of a particular segment of DNA, usually as a result of PCR

Front 31

cross-linker

Back 31

instrument that uses UV light to irreversibly bind DNA or RNA to membrane or paper

Front 32

DNA polymerase

Back 32

enzyme that, during DNA replicating, creates a new strand of DNA nucleotides

Front 33

DNA replication

Back 33

process by which DNA molecules age duplicated

Front 34

extension

Back 34

phase in PCR during which a complementary DNA strand is synthesized

Front 35

forensics

Back 35

application of biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and sociology to solving legal problems including crime scene analysis, accident analysis, child support cases, and paternity

Front 36

helicase

Back 36

enzyme that functions to unwind and unzip complementary DNA strands during in vivo DNA replication

Front 37

homologous

Back 37

pairs two "matching" chromosomes having the same genes in the same order

Front 38

karyotyping

Back 38

process of comparing an individtal's karyotype with a normal, standard one to check for abnormalities

Front 39

optimization

Back 39

process of analyzing all the variables to find the ideal conditions for a reaction or process

Front 40

primer annealing

Back 40

phase in PCR during which a primer binds to a template strand

Front 41

primer design

Back 41

process by which a primer sequence is proposed and constructed

Front 42

probe

Back 42

a DNA or RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA sequence being investigated, often bound to some kind of "reporter" molecule, used when looking for a gene or nucleic acid sequence; a fluorescently labeled

Front 43

RNase H

Back 43

enzyme that functions to degrade RNA primers, during in vivo replication, that are bound to DNA template strands

Front 44

RNA primase

Back 44

enzyme that adds primers to template strands during in vivo DNA replication

Front 45

template

Back 45

strand of DNA from which a new complementary strand is synthesized

Front 46

topoisomerase

Back 46

enzyme that acts to relieve tension in DNA strands as they unwind during in vivo DNA replication

Front 47

VNTRs

Back 47

abbreviation for variable number of tandem repeats, sections of repeated DNA sequences found at specific locations on certain chromosomes; the number of repeats in a particular VNTR can vary from person to person; used for DNA fingerprinting