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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mitochondria |
-production of ATP through metabolism of glucose (cellular respiration) -C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6O2 + 6H2O + energy(38 ATP) |
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Chloroplast |
light (energy) is used to power the opposite reaction as in mitochondria (photosynthesis) 6O2 + 6H2O + Light/energy (38 ATP) -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Cytoskeleton (theres 3 parts) |
-fibres made of protein subunits -perform various functions 1.microfilaments 2.intermediate filaments 3. microtubules |
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microfilaments (actin filaments) |
-thin + flexible -can rapidly assemble and disassemble -used for crawling and phagocytosis (endocytosis) -used for muscle contraction |
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intermediate filaments |
-very strong -used to withstand mechanical stress -attached at cell-cell junctions |
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microtubules |
-hollow, long, stiff -attached to centromeres -used to move organelles and other cell components -used in mitosis and meiosis to separate chromosomes |
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cell membrane |
thin layer that separates the cell contents from environment properties of a solid and liquid -plant cells also have a cell wall surrounding cell membrane -functions in transport of materials in and out of cell, recognition, communication, and homeostasis |
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nucleus |
specialized structure within the cell which contains DNA and controls cell functioning and reproduction |
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organelles |
small bodies with specific structures and functions within the cell |
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cytoplasm |
liquid substance between the nucleus and the cell membrane, in which the organelles are located. |
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fluid mosaic sac |
-cells are surrounded by a thin membrane of lipid and protein -it forms a "fluid sea" ->proteins and other molecules like other lipids or carbs are suspended (like icebergs) or anchored at various points on its surface. -fluid mosaic = liquid with floating things in it -fluid part = made of side by side phospholipids arraanged in a bilayer (called a lipid bilayer) -solid part (mosaic) = proteins etc in bilayer -each phospholipid has a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head -membrane is selectively permeable (will let some substances in but not others of the same size) |
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nucleus |
-surrounded by the nuclear envelope -control center /brain -contains DNA and creates RNA -chromosomes hold DNA -determines the metabolism, growth, differentiation, structure, and reproduction of cell. |
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nuclear envelope |
-double membrane (2 phospholipid bilayers thick) -has pores in it for molecules to enter and exit) |
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chromosomes function |
packaging DNA during nuclear division and control of gene expression |
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what is Endoplasmic Reticulum |
-membranous tubular canals -branch just outside nucleus throughout cytoplasm |
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
when ribosomes are attached to the ER -function: protein synthesis |
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
when no ribosomes are attached to the ER -function: -synthesis of lipids - detoxify drugs and chemicals in the cell (takes place in peroxisome vesicles which are often attached to smooth ER) |
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Lipids function/requirements |
required for growth of the cell membrane and for the membranes of the organelles within the cell and are often used to make hormones |
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Endoplasmic reticulum provides |
-storage space -transportation routes -membrane factory -phospholipids and cholesterol are synthesized in the Smooth ER |
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Ribosomes |
-Rna and proteins -each made of 2 non identical subunits -attach themselves to ER -function: -site for Protein Synthesis |
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Golgi apparatus |
stacks of flattened hollow cavities enclosed by membranes, which are often continuous with the membranes of the endoplasm reticulum -stack= 6or more saccuoles -each sac contains enzymes that modify proteins -function: modification, assembly, packaging, storage, and secretion of substances. -receives new protein from ER -proteins then sorted into vesicles, then moved after |
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Vesicle |
=small vacuole -used for transport and storage of materials |
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vesicles and vacuoles are formed by |
1. pinching off from the golgi apparatus 2. endocytosis of cell membrane 3. extension of the ER membrane |
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exocytosis |
move to the cell membrane for export to the outside of the cell |
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plant cells have one large.... |
central vacuole functions: -water storage -waste storage -food storage -cell support |
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Lysosomes |
-special vesicles made by the golgi ap. -contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes -40+ diff enzymes, can digest anything -perform phagocytosis, and pinocytosis -help destroy invading bacteria |
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lysosome functions |
1. cellular digestion 2.autodigestion 3.breakdown of a whole cell by releasing into cytoplasm - suicide sacs |
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mitochondria |
-largest organelle after nucleus -double layer membrane -diameter of 0.5-1 micrometer, length up to 7 micrometers -inner membrane= convoluted into shelf like folds called crust <- where energy is produced -self replicating -> split in half |
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function of mitochondria |
-aerobic energy metabolism -helo control the concentration of water, calcium, and other charged particles in cytoplasm - |
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aerobic energy metabolism is? |
=cellular respiration converts glucose and fatty acid to ATP, the cells primary energy molecule. results in 38 ATP molecules |
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chloroplast |
-double membrane -photosynthesis -chlorophyll absorbs energy of sun to provide energy to make co2 and glucose -inside chloroplasts is stacks of pancakes =grana -pancake= thylakoid |
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Centrioles |
2 cylindrical bodies = centrioles. Near nucleus. Function: cell division 9+0 pattern of microtubular |
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Cytoskeleton |
Network of filamentous protein structures, maintains shape, anchor organelles, or help organelles move. |
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Cilia |
Hairlike Cell movement Membrane bound cylinder 9+2 Shorter than flagella Beat stiffly |
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Flagella |
Longer than cilia 9+2 Whip like beating Cell movement |
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Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic |
Prokaryotic includes bacteria and blue green algae, single celled organisms. Lack a nucleus. Usually circular
Eukaryotic is plants animals and fungi and Protozoa Nuclei and membrane bound Genetic info in chromosomes |
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STUDY PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
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