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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell membrane (plasma membrane) |
composed of a phospholipid bilayer with protein, cholesterol, glycoprotein, and glycolipids |
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cell membrane 5 components |
-phospholipid -> hydrophilic ends on outside, hy drophobic on inside -cholesterol -membrane protein -glycolipid -> phospholipid and carb -glycoprotein -> protein and carb |
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Fluid mosaic model |
since the membrane "flows" the proteins embedded in it move like a fluid |
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selectively permeable membrane |
-the membrane is selectively permeable meaning that some things can get through, while others can not |
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selectively permeable membrane conditions |
depends on two factors 1) can it squeeze between phospholipids 2) it is repelled by the inside (hydrophobic) part molecule must be small and neutral (non polar) |
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5 types of membrane proteins |
1. channel proteins 2. carrier proteins 3. receptor proteins 4. cell recognition protein 5. enzymatic protein |
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channel protein |
allows charged and polar particles through the membrane |
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carrier proteins |
forces charged and polar particles through the membrane (uses ATP) |
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Receptor protein |
signalling molecules (hormones) bind to it and trigger a cell response (cell to cell communicating |
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cell recognition protein |
acts as an ID tag so other cells can recognize it (glycoprotein) |
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Enzymatic protein |
acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions, but are fixed in place in the membrane |
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Diffusion |
the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, resulting from random movement -very fast over short distances -very slow over large distances -if a particle goes through the membrane it will diffuse through it |
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rate of diffusion depends on |
1. temperature (higher temp = faster rate) 2. size of particle (smaller = faster) 3. concentration gradient ( larger gradient = faster) |
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solute |
particle usually found in lower amounts is dissolved in a solvent. (sugar or salt) |
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solvent |
substance usually found in greater amounts it does the dissolving. (Usually H20) |
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solution |
mixture of solute and solvent (salt water) |
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solutes and solvent both diffuse from ____________ |
high to low (high concentration (left) to low concentration (right)) |
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solute and solvent diffuse until both sides have _____________________
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an equal concentration |
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osmosis |
diffusion of water, which also diffuses from it's high to low concentration. -h20 diffuses from high conc to low conc -h20 diffuses towards the higher conc of solute |
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hypertonic |
area with higher solute concentration |
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hypotonic |
area with lower solute concentration |
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isotonic |
same solute concentration |
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impact of osmosis on plant and animals cells |
crenation lysis plasmolysis turgor pressure |
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An animal cell in a hypertonic environment (high solute) what happens? what is it called? |
-water diffuses out of cell (4% solute in cell, 10% solute out of cell) -cell shrivels -cell survives Called Crenation |
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An animal cell in a hypotonic environment (low solute) what happens? what is it called? |
-water diffuses into the cell (4% solute in cell, 0% out of cell) -cell bursts then dies called Lysis |
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A plant cell in a hypertonic environment what happens? what is it called? |
-water diffuses out of the cell (4% in cell, 12% out) -cell shrivels and peels off the cell wall -results in death Called Plasmolysis |
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a plant cell in a hypotonic environment what happens? what is it called? |
-water diffuses into the cell (4% in cell, 0% out) -cell wall prevents cell from popping -build up Called Turgor pressure |
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diffusion of solutes across a membrane and membrane transport |
how particles cross membrane depends on their: -size -charge -concentration gradient |
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diffusion of solutes across a membrane and membrane transport 1. what diffuses through the membrane? |
small, non polar/neutral particles diffuse -will go from high to low concentration (down their concentration gradient) |
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diffusion of solutes across a membrane and membrane transport 2.what cannot cross the membrane? (goes into cell) |
large, polar, charged particles HOWEVER they will diffuse through channel proteins -allows conc. gradient of high to low |
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diffusion of solutes across a membrane and membrane transport 3. what cannot cross the membrane and needs ATP? (goes out of cell) |
large, polar, charged particles use carrier proteins (requires ATP) -goes against conc. gradient -low to high |
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diffusion of solutes across a membrane and membrane transport 4. large particles do what? |
-too big for carriers and channel proteins -taken out by exocytosis OR -taken in by endocytosis |
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Facilitated transport |
movement across membrane diffusion aided by a membrane protein -carrier protein -channel protein |
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active transport |
Active transport describes what happens when a cell uses energy to transport something. -movement of particles across membrane against con gradient low to high conc gradient assisted by carrier protein |
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example and definition of endocytosis |
movement of particles coming into a cell through phagocytosis or pinocytosis |
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phagocytosis vs pinocytosis |
phagocytosis (cell eating)- engulfed in a membrane pinocytosis (cell drinking)- engulfed in a vesicle (small option) |
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example and definition of exocytosis |
out of cell |
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SA relation |
the ratio of surface area to volume decreases as a cell gets larger 1cm cell in 4 SA = 3:1 ratio 3 cm cell in 4 SA = 1:1 ratio |
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prokaryotic |
greek for before the nucleus bacteria and blue green algae -monera kingdom -single celled organisms -no true nucleus - no membrane bound organelles -dna is circular -> nucleoid -small |
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eukaryotic |
"true nucleus" plants, animals, protozoa, and fungi -contain nuclei -membrane bound organelles -genetic info in chromosomes |
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limits on cell size: why are cells small? |
1. rate of diffusion 2. SA : V ratio |
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cell theory |
1. all living organisms are made up of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of life 3. All cells come from the division of pre existing cells |
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cellular respiration photosynthesis (carbon cycle) |
mitochondria: function of cellular respiration (aerobic energy metabolism). converts glucose and fatty acids to ATP |
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desmosomes |
-form links between 2 adjacent cells -provide a connection between intermediate filaments of the cell cytoskeletons of adjacent cells =strength to tissues |
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tight junctions |
-block the flow of fluids between epithelial cells
-form a water tight seal and prevent material from passing between cells |
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gap junctions |
the need for signaling is a function of gap junctions that form pores connecting adjacent cells.
This process allows tissues to coordinate responses to stimuli. |
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plasmodesmata |
narrow channels that act as intercellular cytoplasmic bridges to facilitate communication and transport of materials between plant cells allow for intercellular movement of water, various nutrients, and other molecules |
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lipid components of the membrane |
phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids |
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which protein cell is a glycoprotein |
cell recognition protein |
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look up is carrier proteins are only in or out and channel protein flow directions! |
channel proteins allow particles in and out of the cell, same with carrier proteins |
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importance of SA : V ratio |
cells get nutrients through diffusion SA provides food desired by the volume higher volume --> more food desired cell grows too big = not enough material will be able to cross the membrane fast enough to accommodate the increased cellular volume. |
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Increasing SA may be addressed through... |
folding membrane bound organelles |
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STUDY THE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
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