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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine signaling
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secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body
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Paracrine signaling
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secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them
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Autocrine signaling
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secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells
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Synaptic signaling
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neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissues (neurons, muscles, or glands)
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Neuroendocrine signaling
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neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body
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Epinepherine
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the primary "fight or flight" hormone, produces different responses in targer cells
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Cytokines
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Polypeptide local regulators which play a role in immune responses
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Growth factors
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Polypeptide local regulators which stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation
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Nitric oxide
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serves in the body as both a neurotransmitter and a local regulator
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Oxytocin
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regulates milk relsease during nursing, etc.
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Fission
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the separation of a parent organism into two individuals of approximately equal size
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Budding
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new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones
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Fragmentation
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the breaking of body into several pieces
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Regeneration
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the regrowth of lost body parts
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Parthenogenesis
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an egg develops without being fertilized
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Oviduct
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fallopian tube; collects the egg and moves it towards the uterus
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Uterus
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a thick, muscular organ that can expand during pregnancy to accomodate a 4-kg fetus
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Ovary
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female gonads
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Urethra
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the outlet tube for both the excretory system and the reproductive system
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clitoris
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consists of a short shaft supporting a rounded glans, or head, covered by a small hood of skin, the prepuce
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Labia minora
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a pair of slender skin folds
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Labia majora
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a pair of thick, fatty ridges
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Cervix
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nick of the uterus, opens into the vagina
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Vagina
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a muscular but elastic chamber that is the site of penis insertion and deposition of sperm. Also serves as the birth canal
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Endometrium
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inner lining of the uterus, richly supplied with blood vessels
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Seminal vesicle
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contribute about 60% of the volume of semen
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Prostate gland
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secretes its products directly into the urethra through many small ducts
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Scrotum
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fold in the body wall, maintains testis temperature about 2 degrees Celsius below the abdominal cavity
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Vas deferens
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where the sperm is propelled through from each epididymis
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Epididymis
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coiled tubules
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Testis
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male gonads
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Penis
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contains urethra and 3 cylinders of spongy erectile tissue
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Spermatogenesis
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the formation and development of sperm by mitosis
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Oogenesis
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the development of mature oocytes (eggs) by meiosis
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Menopause
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the cessation (end) of ovulation and menstruation
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hCG
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acts like pituitary LH in maintaining secretion of progesterone and estrogens by the corpus leuteum through the first few months of pregnancy
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Placenta
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a disk shaped organ, containing both embryonic and maternal blood cells; supplies nutrients, provides immune protection, exchanges respiratory gases, and disposes of metabolic wastes for the embryo
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Vitro fertilization (IVF)
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oocytes are mixed with sperm in culture dishes, fertilized eggs are incubated until they have formed at least 8 cells and are then typically transferred to the woman's uterus for implantation
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Cleavage
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succession of rapid cell divisions
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Blastula
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hollow ball of cells
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Dendrites
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highly branched extensions that recieve signals from other neurons
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axon hilock
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the region where the signals that travel down the axon are generated
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axon
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an extension that transmits signals to other cells
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Synapse
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a junction where each branched end of an axon transmits information
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Synaptic terminal
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forms a specialized junction
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Neurotransmitter
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chemical messengers that pass information from the transmitting neuron to the recieving cell
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Nerve net
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controls the contraction and expansion of the gastrovascular cavity
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Cephalization
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an evolutionary trend toward a clustering of sensory neurons and interneurons at the anterior end
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Gray matter
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consists mainly of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
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White matter
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consists of bundled axons that have myelin sheaths
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Cerebrum
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cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamus
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control of homeostasis
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Thalamus
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main input for sensory information going to the cerebrum
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Brainstem
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includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; homeostasis, coordination of movement, conduction of information to and from higher brain centers
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Cerebellum
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coordinates movement and balance
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Mechanoreceptor
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sense physical deformation cause by forms of mechanical energy such as pressure, touch, stretch, motion, and sound
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Chemoreceptor
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include both general receptors-those that transmit information about total solute concentration-and specific receptors-those that respond to individual kinds of molecules
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Thermoreceptor
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detect heat and cold
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Pain receptors
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detect stimuli that reflect harmful conditions
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Outer ear
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consists of external pinna and auditory canal; collects sound waves, and channels them to the tympanic membrane
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Tympanic membrane
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the eardrum; separates the outer and middle ear
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Middle ear
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consistes of malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup); transmits vibrations to the oval window
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Oval window
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a membrane beneath the stapes
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Eustachian tube
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connects to the pharynx and equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere
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Inner ear
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consists of fluid-filled chambers
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Semicircular canals
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function in equilibrium
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Cochlea
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hearing
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Sclera
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a tough white outer layer of connective tissue on the eye
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Choroid
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pigmented inner layer of the eye
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Cornea
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transparent layer which lets light into the eye and acts as a fixed lens
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Iris
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gives the eye its color
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Retina
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the innermost layer of the eyeball, contains layers of neurons and photoreceptors
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Lens & Cillary body
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divide the eye into 2 cavities
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Aqueous humor
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fills the anterior cavity of the eye
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Fovea
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center of visual field
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Optic disk
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blind spot
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Rods
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more sensitive to light but do not distinguish colors; enable us to see at night, but only in black and white
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Cones
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provide color vision, but, being less sensitive, contribute very little to ngiht vision
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Tropomyosin
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covers the myosin-binding sites along the thing filament, preventing actin and myosin from interacting
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Troponin complex
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calcium binds to it when it accumulates in the cytosol, cuaing the proteins bound along the actin strands to shift position and expose the myosin-binding sites on the thin filament
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Calcium
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When the concentration rises, the thing and thick filaments slide past each other, and the muscle fiber contracts; when the concentration falls, the binding sites are covered, and contraction stops
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Skeletal muscle
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muscle that is generally responsible for the voluntary movements of the body; has striations
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Cardiac muscle
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found only in the heart; involuntary; has striations
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Smooth muscle
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found mainly in the walls of hollow organs, such as blood vessels and organs of the digestive tract; does not have striations
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Exoskeleton
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a hard encasement deposited on an animals surface
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Endoskeleton
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consists of hard supporting elements, such as bones, buried within the soft tissues of an animal
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Hydrostatic skeleton
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consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment
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Ethology
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the scientific study of how animals behave, particularly in their natural environments
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Fixed action pattern
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a sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangeable and once initiated, usually carried to completion
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Kinesis
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a change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus
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Taxis
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an oriented movement toward (positive) or away (negative) from some stimulus
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Migration
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a regular, long-distance change in location
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Circadian rhythm
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behavioral rhythms linked to the yearly cycle of seasons
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Innate behavior
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behavior that is developmentally fixed
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Habituation
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a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information
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Imprinting
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the formation at a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object
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Associative learning
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the ability to associate one environmental feature
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Classical conditioning
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an arbitrary stimulus becomes associated with a specific outcome
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Operant conditioning
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an animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeat or avoid the behavior
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Cognition
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the process of knowing represented by awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment
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Problem solving
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the cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed from one state to another in the face of real or apparent obstacles
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Foraging behavior
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includes not only eating, but also mechanisms used in searching for, recognizing, and capturing food
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The optimal foraging model
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proposes that it is a compromise between the benefits of nutrition and the cost of obtaining food
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Mating systems
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vary between species; the needs of the young are important constraints in the development of these systems; includes promiscuous, monogamous, and polygamous
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Promiscuous
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no strong pair-bonds
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Monogamous
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one male/one female
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Polygamous
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one individual mating with several others
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Agonistic behaviors
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are often ritualized contests that determine which competitor gains access to a resource, such as food or mates
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Altruism
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occurs when animals behave in ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of other individuals in the population
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Inclusive fitness
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is the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to produce offspring
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Kin selection
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the natural selection that favors inclusive fitness by enhancing reproductive success of relatives
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