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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
heterosis
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hybrids less fit than homozygous (hybrid vigor)
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linkages
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alleles linked on gene, good gene comes with bad gene (most fit indiv. wouldn't have bad gene)
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epistasis
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linked genes, but not on same allele
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environmental variation
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organism must adapt to summer and winter, can't be best adapted to both
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bottlenecks
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catastrophe makes population very small, limited gene pool
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genetic drift
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chance events eliminate good genes (deer hit by a truck)
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founder effects
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small pop, little genetic variation
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homologous structure
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human/horse leg, common descent
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analogous structure
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insect/bat wing, not common descent
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spatial isolation
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cannot meet to reproduce
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temporal isolation
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mate at different times
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mechanical isolation
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cannot copulate
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behavioral isolation
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do not attract each other
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gametic isolation
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copulate, but cannot fertilize
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prezygotic barriers
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prevent mating, more effecient because no offspring produced
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postzyotic barriers
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offspring unfit, less eficient because energy goes into producing offspring
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hybrid zygote abnormality
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die during development
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hybrid infertility
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can mate, but infertile
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low hybrid viability
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survive less well
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age of earth
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4.6 billion yrs
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What makes life
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Cell membrane, enzymes, incorporating smaller molecular droplets, reproduction
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Prokaryotes
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harsh environments, created atmosphere, diverse metabolic pathways, 3.8 bya, asexual
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Single-celled Eukaryotes
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1 bya, nucleus, protists (slime molds, diatoms, amoebae, algae), primary producers, decomposers
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Multi-celled Eukaryotes
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700 mya, algae and slime molds, sponges
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heteromorphic
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alternation of generations - haploid stage looks different from diploid stage (we are diplontic)
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cambrian revolution
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590-505 mya, trilobites, snails, sponges, worms, giant jellyfish, predators --> diversification of species
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Cnideria
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radial symmetry, jellyfish, anemones, blind gut
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diploblastic
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2 cell layers, Cnidaria
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triploblastic
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3 cell layers, proto and deuterostomes
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blind gut
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excrement leaves through mouth
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complete gut
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food exits a different place than it comes in
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acoelomate
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flatworm, no body cavity divisions
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pseudocoelomate
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roundworm, body cavity divisions
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coelomate
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earthworm, cavity divisions and surrounded by peritoneum
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Lophotrochozoans
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flatworms, segmented worms, molluscs
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Ecdysozoans
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round worms, onychophorans, water bears, trilobites, crustaceans, have segmened bodies
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deuterostomes
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echinoderms, tunicates, notochord
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Ordovician
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490-443 mya, everything BIG, giant coral, bryozoans, brachiopods, trilobites, giant snails, giant squids
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choradates
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undergo neoteny,
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neoteny
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retention of jevunile char. in adults of species or sexually mature larva (larval tunicates become lancelets)
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dikaryotic
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nuclei of gametes don't fuse until conditions favorable
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Silurian
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appearance of dry land, fish
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ostracoderms
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earliest fish, jawless, chordates precede fish
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Devonian seas
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more dry land, appearance of freshwater
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condrichthyes
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cartilaginous fish, hagfish, lamprey
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postzyotic barriers
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offspring unfit, less eficient because energy goes into producing offspring
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hybrid zygote abnormality
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die during development
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hybrid infertility
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can mate, but infertile
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low hybrid viability
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survive less well
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age of earth
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4.6 billion yrs
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What makes life
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Cell membrane, enzymes, incorporating smaller molecular droplets, reproduction
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Prokaryotes
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harsh environments, created atmosphere, diverse metabolic pathways, 3.8 bya, asexual
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Single-celled Eukaryotes
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1 bya, nucleus, protists (slime molds, diatoms, amoebae, algae), primary producers, decomposers
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Multi-celled Eukaryotes
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700 mya, algae and slime molds, sponges
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heteromorphic
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alternation of generations - haploid stage looks different from diploid stage (we are diplontic)
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cambrian revolution
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590-505 mya, trilobites, snails, sponges, worms, giant jellyfish, predators --> diversification of species
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Cnideria
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radial symmetry, jellyfish, anemones, blind gut
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diploblastic
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2 cell layers, Cnidaria
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triploblastic
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3 cell layers, proto and deuterostomes
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blind gut
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excrement leaves through mouth
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Bryophytes
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first plants, mosses, Silurian
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Ecdysozoans
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insects, myriapodes, chelicerates (spiders)
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Carboniferous
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age of insects and amphibians, first gymnosperms (GIANT dragonflies, amphibians)
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Permian
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mass extinction, trilobites extinct, reptiles appear
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Mesozoic
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age of reptiles (dinosaurs), angiosperms arrive at end
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Dinosaurs died because...
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environments became toxic
couldn't eat angiosperms cooler atmosphere |
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Tertiary
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Age of Mammals, giant birds replaced by mammal predators
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3 types of mammals
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monotremes (platypus)
marsupial (kangaroo) placental (us) |
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What makes us human?
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Walk upright
large brain to body ratio tool use speech, abstract thought |
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biodiversity began to decline when humans...
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stopped hunting/gathering and started agriculture
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imprinting
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how animal knows who mother is (Konrad Lorenz, ducks)
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Stimulus response
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Niko Tinbergen, put red dot on mother's beak
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Communication
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Karl von Frisch, waggle-dance
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Proximate vs. Ultimate
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Why vs. How
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Amensalism
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(0 / - ) competition and parasitism
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Commensalism
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( 0 / + )
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Mutualism
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+ / +
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Competition
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- / -
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Predation or parasitism
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- / +
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