Bio Basis Test 2

Front 1

CNS

Back 1

Central Nervous System
-located in skull and spine
Dorsal-top of brain, toward the back
Superior-Above, top
Ventral-Toward stomach, bottom
Inferior-below
Anterior-Toward the front
Posterior-Toward the rear

Front 2

PNS

Back 2

Peripheral Nervous System
-Located outside the spine and skull
2 division:
1. Autonomic
2. Somatic

Front 3

Autonomic vs. Somatic NS

Back 3

1.Somatic
-Voluntary
-skeletal muscle
-always excitatory
-controlled by cerebrum
2.Autonomic
-Involuntary
-Smooth cardiac muscle
-Excitatory or inhibitory
-Glands
-Controlled by Pons, Hypothalamus, Medulla
3 divisions
1)Sympathetic 2)Parasympathetic
3)Enteric

Front 4

Autonomic Division

Back 4

1.Sympathetic - Fight-or-Flight, exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment

2. Parasympathetic - Vegetative responses-rest, relaxation, digestion, defecation, diuresis

3.Enteric - Regulates Digestion - 2nd brain=gut feeling - communicates to CNS via ANS - own neurons

Front 5

Meninges

Back 5

Membrane surrounding brain and spinal cord
-dura matter
-arachnoid matter
-pia matter

Front 6

Corpus Callosum

Back 6

Large set or bundles of axons that connect the 2 hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
-Commissurotomy-surgical seperation of brain hemispheres--> disconnection syndrome

Front 7

Frontal Lobe

Back 7

Higher cognitive functions
Executive functioning:Problem solving, spontaneity, metamemory, language, judgment, impulse control, motivation, behavior regulation
Structures:
1.Broca's Area-left frontal lobe-associated with certain aspects of language-mostly language production
2.Prefrontal Cortex-Responds mostly to sensory stimuli that signal need for movement
3.Motor Cortex
-primary and secondary
-motor homunculus
-Precentral Gyrus-control of find movements

Front 8

Parietal Lobe

Back 8

-Sensations: touch, smell, taste
-Spatial awareness
-Numerical info
-Construction
-Hand-eye coordination
Structures:
1.Somatosensory Cortex-touch sensations & info from muscle, stretch and joint receptors
2.Sensory Homunculus- Postcentral Gyrus

Front 9

Temporal Lobe

Back 9

-Lateral portion of each hemisphere
-Emotions, Memory, Understanding music, aggression, sexual behavior
-Auditory Info
Structures:
1.Primary Auditory Cortex- Cells respond best to tones of a particular frequency
2.Wernicke's Area-Left temporal lobe associated with language comprehension

Front 10

Occipital Lobe

Back 10

-Posterior end of the brain
-Vision and Recognition
Structure:
1.Primary Visual Cortex (Striate Cortex)

Front 11

Basal Ganglia

Back 11

Primary Function= Motor Control
-Parkinson's & Huntington's Disease--When it deteriorates
-Group of subcortical structures lateral to thalamus
3 Major Structures
1.Caudate Nucleus
2.Putamen
3.Globus Palidus

Front 12

Amygdala

Back 12

Emotions
Aggressions
-Kluver-Bucy Syndrome-fail to display normal fears & anxiety

Front 13

Thalamus

Back 13

Sensory relay center
Movement
-Aphasia-language impairment

Front 14

Hippocampus

Back 14

Verbal Learning and memory
-Alzheimer's Disease

Front 15

Hypothalamus

Back 15

-Part control over ANS
-Controls endocrine system
-Regulates body temp
-Emotional responses & behaviors
-connects to amygdala
-regulates food intake
-regulates thirst
-sexual activity
-circadian rhythm-sleep wake cycle

Front 16

Forebrain
Limbic System

Back 16

-Regulates emotion, motivation and memory
-Directly connects lower and higher brain functions
-Where senses and awareness are 1st processed in the brain

Front 17

Midbrain

Back 17

-Substantia Nigra
-Superior & Inferior Colliculi
--visual processing
--auditory processing
--muscle movements
---saccadic eye movements
---orient head & eyes toward something

Front 18

Hindbrain **
Brainstem
Cerebellum

Back 18

1.Brainstem-most primitive
--controls breathing, HR, BP, swallowing, reflexes, sweating, sleep and balance
2.Cerebellum-connected to brainstem
--"little brain"
--coordinated body movements, balance, posture

Front 19

Hindbrain **
The Pons
Medulla Oblongata

Back 19

3.The Pons-"Bridge"
--connects cerebellum to brain
--modify respiratory output of the medulla
--contains-reticular activating system & raphe nuclei
4.Medulla Oblongata
--creates base of brainstem
--control center for involuntary reflexes-> Swallowing, sneezing, coughing
--Regulation of HR, BP, breathing

Front 20

Spinal Cord

Back 20

-Medulla to L2
White Matter = Myelinated Axons
Gray Matter = Cell bodies, dendrites, 'H' Shape
-Reflexes-sensory info to cord
-Somatic Reflexes-Position and speed of muscles need to be monitored constantly (hand on hot stove)
-Visceral(autonomic) Reflexes- Abdominal & Thoracic organs (blood pressure changes)

--Nerves carry impulses to and from brain to rest of body
--communicates with sense organs & muscles below level of head

Front 21

Bell-Magendie Law

Back 21

-Dorsal fibers carry sensory information

-Ventral Fibers carry motor info

Front 22

Migration

Back 22

Whole neurons move toward destination
-neocortex is last layer to develop

Front 23

Myelination

Back 23

-Development of myelin sheath that insulates axon
-Glia produce the insulating fatty sheaths that accelerate transmission in many vertebrate axons
-Later and slower

Spinal Cord--Hindbrain--Midbrain--Forebrain

Front 24

Synaptogenesis

Back 24

-Rapid formation of new synapses
1.Axons sprout to innervate many targets
2.Axon target interactions cause target to choose which axon
-synapse survival
-Neurotrophic factors
--promotes neuron survival(nerve growth factor)
--tigger apoptosis-90% neurons commit suicide in fetal ND

Front 25

Role of Experience

Back 25

-Axons and dendrites continually reorganize due to experience
-Dendrites continually grow new spines--new connections
-Extensive activation strengthens connections
-improves ability in that area but not necessarily in others
-Experience fine tunes connections
-Enriched environment

Front 26

Enriched Environment

Back 26

-thicker cortex
-increased neuron connections
-increased dendritic branching
Mind Activity
Physical Activity
Social Networking

Front 27

Peripheral Nervous System
Axon Regeneration

Back 27

Axons Grow Back
-crushed or cut neuron
-Wallerian Degeneration
-Axons seperated from cell body will degenerate
-Axons will regenerate
-Schwann cells provide guidance
-Goal: Restore function
Problem-May not line up correctly-Wrong activation or sensation

Front 28

Central Nervous System
Axon Regeneration

Back 28

Axons DONT Grow Back
-Dont regenerate
Why-Oligodendrocytes don't provide guidance
-Scare Tissue Build up
Future:
-guidance channels
-stem cells
-nerve growth factor
-gene therapy

Front 29

Denervation Supersensitivity

Back 29

Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming neuron
-When postsynaptic cell is deprived of input for a long time it becomes more sensitive to NT's

Front 30

Rerouting

Back 30

Neuron seeks new target

Front 31

Sprouting

Back 31

Nerve fibers grow, become bushier, and make new connections
-Recovery of cognitive skills is strongly correlated with extensive arborization in the remaining intact cortex

Front 32

Recovery
Restorative Approach

Back 32

-Pumping Iron
-Effective for hemiparesis-regions recruited for control
-Ineffective for cognitive functions-language, memory...

Front 33

Recovery
Compensatory Approach

Back 33

-Minimize loss of a skill
-Do not reorganize the brain
-different skills-external devices(memory notebook)

Front 34

Recovery
Alternative Approach

Back 34

-Change how skill is done