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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
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taxonomy
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the naming and classifying of diverse forms of life
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taxon
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category
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species
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group whose members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have ability to interbreed
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phylogeny
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evolutionary relationships
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systematics
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study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms
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prokaryotes
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lack nuclei and varioius organelles of eukaryotes, possess single "naked" chromosome consisting of single DNA molecule without proteins found in eukaryotes, some have plasmids in addition to major chromosome, cell walls of most contain peptidoglycans
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plasmids
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small circular DNA molecules
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transformation
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uptake of free DNA
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transduction
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trnasport of DNA by viruses
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autotroph
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make own food
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photoautotrophs
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make own food by light energy (photosynthesis)
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chemoautotrophs
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make food by using energy obtained from inorganic substances
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heterotroph
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get energy by eating organic substances
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parasite
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get energy from living tissues of host
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saprobes
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get energy from dead decaying matter, decomposers
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obligate aerobes
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prokaryotes that must have oxygen to live
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obligate anaerobes
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survive only in absence of oxygen
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facultative anaerobe
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grows in presence of oxygen but when oxygen absent, can switch to anaerobic metabolism
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eubacteria
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"true" bacteria
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archaebacteria
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cell walls lack peptidoglycans; ribosomes mroe similar to eukaryotes' ribosomes than to eubacteria; plasma membranes contain lipids different from those found in other organisms' plasma membranes
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extreme halophiles
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live in environments with high concentrations of salt, most anaerobic and heterotrophic while others opposite w/bacteriorhodopsin
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thermoacidophiles
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live in hot and acid environments, chemoautotrophs
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fossil record
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sequence in which fossils appear in layers of sedimentary rock that constitute Earth's surface
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paleontologists
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study fossil record
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fossils
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found in sedimentary rock formed from layers of minerals settling out of water
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convergent evolution
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2 organisms develop similarities as they adapted to similar environmental challenges (not from common ancestor)
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analogous
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similarities in organisms from having to survive in common environment
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homologous
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similar internal structures/functions determined by DNA often with different external appearances
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molecular systematics
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comparison of different genes & proteins
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binomial nomenclature
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used to describe species, consists of genus and species
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phylogenetic trees
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used to depict hypotheses about evolutionary relationships; if shared characteristics explain by common ancestry->cladogram forms basis of phylogenetic tree
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cladogram
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patterns of shared characteristics among taxa
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clade
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(within tree) group of species that includes ancestral species & all its descendants
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cladistics
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analysis of how many species may be grouped into clades
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parsimony
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simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts should be investigated first
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most parsimonious
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which hypothesis requires fewest total evolutionary events
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3 domain
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bacteria, archea, eukarya
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binary fission
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asexual reproduction, each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome
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conjugation
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genes are directly transferred from one prokaryote of another
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photoheterotrophs
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use light to make ATP but must obtain their carbon from outside source already fixed in organic compounds
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chemoheterotrophs
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get carbon & energy from organic compounds; saprobes & parasites
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extreme thermophiles
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live in very hot environments, prokaryotes
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symbiotic
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form relationships w/other species
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alternation of generations
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life cycle that consists of gametophyte and sporophyte stage
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gametophyte
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plant cells are haploid; games are produced; during fertilization, egg & sperm fuse to form diploid zygote (sporophyte) which divides mitotically
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sporophyte
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plant cells are diploid; diploid zygote
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spore
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cell produced by plant that can develop into new plant w/o fusing w/another cell
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cuticle
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waxy layer made up of polymers that prevents water loss from above-ground organs
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xylem
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made up of dead cells thru which H2O is conducted from roots to stem
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phloem
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conduct glucose from leaves down stem to roots
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seed plants
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vascular plants that produce seeds
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monocot
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having veins that run parallel on surface of leaf
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eudicots
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netlike vein patterns on leaves
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fruit
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mature ovaries of plant
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radial symmetry
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any cut through central axis of organism would produce mirror images
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bilateral symmetry
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have right & left side, and single cut would divide animal into 2 mirror image halves
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coelomates
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possess body cavity filled with fluid, space separates animal's digestive tract from outer body wall; forms from tissue derived from mesoderm
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pseudocoelomates
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animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm
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acoelomates
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flatworms, have no cavities b/t their alimentary canal and outer wall of their bodies
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hermaphrodites
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function as both male and female and produce both sperm and eggs
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parthenogenesis
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females produce unfertilized eggs from which more females hatch
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ectothermy
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animals (reptile, fish, amphibian) that must use environmental energy and behavioral adaptations to regulate its body temp
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endothermy
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animals (bird, mammals) that use metabolic heat to regulate body temp
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notochord
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longitudinal, flexible rod that runs along dorsal axis of animal's body in future position of vertebral column
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vertebrate
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chordate with backbone
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endoskeleton
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hard skeleton buried w/in soft tissues of animal
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exoskeleton
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hard encasement on surface of animal
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endospore
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thick-coated, resistant cell produced w/in bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions
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multicellularity
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specialization & differentiation occur -> increase efficiency & improves survival
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cephalization
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evolutionary trend toward concentration of sensory equipment on hte anterior end of body
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