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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What anatomical feature of Sahelanthropus tchadenis demonstrates obligate bipedalism?
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position of the foramen magnum, sits on top of spine, not angled
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When did humans and chimpanzees diverge
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about 6 million years ago
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What is significant about human canines compared to non human primates
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much smaller and no sexual dimorphism
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What is the significant about the size of an infants brain in relation to the human pelvis
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Demonstrates that such an adult size brain would not be possible at birth therefore there is extensive post natal development
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What is significant about menopause?
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unique to humans, demonstrates importance of extended family, individuals live beyond reproductive utility
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What is the difference between anagenesis and cladogenesis
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anagenesis advocates change in a species through time
cladogenesis advocates the formation of new species (lumpers and splitters) |
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When (time and epoch) did the first primate like mammals appear?
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65-54 MYA during the Paleocene epoch
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What is significant about the primate like species Carpolestes simpsoni
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showed the first grasping hands and feet
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What is the difference between monkey and apes
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monkeys have a tail, apes do not
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What time period do we find the ancestors of monkeys and apes?
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34-23 MYA during the Oligocene epoch
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What time period do we find the first true primates and what are they like
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Eocene epoch about 55-50 MYA, similar to living pro simians, arboreal adaptations
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When was the Miocene and what significant events took place during it
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25-5 MYA, lots of primate species spread out over south Africa, Europe, and Asia, climate changes at the end of the miocene drove species back into africa
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Describe Proconsul
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live 23-17 MYA in Africa, 2-1-2-3 dental pattern (like old world monkeys) but Y-5 molar pattern like living apes and humans
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What modern species is Sivapithecus most related to
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orangutans
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What genus was probably the last common ancestor of humans and apes
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Pierolapithecus
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How does the "molecular clock" work
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it assumes that mutations in the junk DNA occur at a constant rate and the time between the divergence of species can be calculated
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When (time and epoch) and where did the first hominins appear
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Appeared in Africa at the end of the Miocene/ beginning of the Pliocene about 6-7 MYA
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When did bipedality develop
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at least 6 MYA
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What species make up the gracile Australopithecines
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anamensis, afarensis, africanus
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What species is "Lucy"
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Australopithecus afarensis
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About when did the robust Australopithecines evolve
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there was an adaptive radiation about 3 MYA
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What species make up the robust Australopithecines
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boisei,aethiopicus, robustus
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When and where did the genus homo branch off? What type of hominin did it branch from
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branched in African about 2 MYA, believed to have evolved from the gracile Australopithecines
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Describe some of H. habilis' anatomical features
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long arms, 30% bigger brains that earlier Australopithecines, flatter faces, smaller more human like teeth
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When do we see the first tools? What are they collectively called? What are they like?
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about 2.5 MYA, Oldowan tools, simple flakes and cores
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When did Homo erectus evolve
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first known in Africa by 1.8 MYA
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Describe some anatomical features of H. erectus
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large brow ridges, large occipital bun, post-orbital constriction, size and proportion of limbs similar to modern humasn, brain growth during adolecnese, made Acheulean tools
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Describe the controversy surrounding H. ergaster and H. erecuts
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some argue that ergaster lived in Africa and erectus lived in the middle east
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Describe some anatomical features of Neanderthals
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short limbs and extremities, broad big noses, very tough, sloping forehead, occipital bun, larger absolute cranial capacity than modern humans, stocky: many are adaptations to living in cold weather
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When did the gracile australopithecines evolve
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4 MYA
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Which species of Homo demonstrates the most significant advancement relative to its predecessors, a "quantum leap"
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H. erectus
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What species was the first hominin to spread out of Africa and when did they do so?
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H. erectus about 1.75 MYA
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What is the "bamboo curtain"?
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Stone tools are rarely found in Central Asia, theory that these hominins still used tools but made them out of bamboo, an abundant resource but something that would not preseve as redily as stone
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What is significant about the species H. Hidelbergensis
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it is a collective term used to describe archaic humans that evolved from homo erectus. there is considerable debate about how these hominins should be classified
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What species did Neanderthals evolve from. When did they evolve
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H. erectus, ~130,000 during the ice age in Europe and the Near East
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What type of tools did Neanderthals make?
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mousterian tools- crafted using a levallois technique, flakes from specially prepared cores
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What is unique about neanderthal behavior
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skeletons of elderly or those who have lost all of their teeth but lived shows that the community cared for those members who could not support themselves, buried their dead
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When do we first see modern humans
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Europe, about 45,000 years ago
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When were humans considered anatomically modern
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about 25,000 years ago
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What evidence suggests a common ancestor from Africa
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living people of African descent show the most variability in both mtDNA and yDNA- most time for mutation
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What three models are used to describe the final transition into modern humans
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African replacement model, assimilation model, multi regional evolution model
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Describe the African replacement model
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modern humans evolved as a new species in Africa 200,000 years ago and then spread throughout the old world replacing preexisting populations
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Describe the assimilation model
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modern human anatomy first arose in Africa as a change within a species and then spread through gene flow to populations outside of Africa
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Describe the multi regional evolution model
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modern humans evolved throughout the Old world as a single species after the first dispersion of homo erectus out of Africa. transition from homo erecuts to modern humans occured withing a single evolutionary line thougouth the old world
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What is the Acheulian tradition?
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stone tool culture characterized by hand axes and bi-facial tools
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What type of tools did Homo erecuts make
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Acheulian tradition: hand axes and bi-facial tools
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What is a blade and what period was it used in
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stone tool that is twice as long as it is wide, characteristic of the upper Paleolithic
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What is a burin
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stone tools with a Sharp edge, used to cut and engrave bone
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What is levallois technique
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way to make stone tools in which a stone core is prepared so that finished tools can be removed in one strike
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What species term is given to the tools made by H. habilis, rudolfensis, erectus
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lower paleolithic
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What is mousterian tradition
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prepared core technology of the Neanderthals
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What is the oldest known stone tool culture called
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The Oldowan tradition
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What is the soft hammer technique?
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aka indirect percussion- removing flakes by striking stone with softer material like bone, antler, wood
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What term is used to describe the technology of anatomically modern humans
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upper paleolithic
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What term is used to describe the technology of H. heidelbergensis and NEanderthals
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middle paleolithic
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What is a paleospecies
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a species identified from fossil remains based on their physical similarities and differences relative to other species
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What is regional continuity
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appearance of similar traits within a geographic region that remain over a long period of time
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what are therapsids?
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an early group of mammal like reptiles, ancestors of later mammals
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what is stratigraphy
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relative dating based on the fact that older remains are found deeper in the earth
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what does BP mean
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before present, present= 1950
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