Bio. Animals Chordates (Ch.26)

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chordates

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animal with an embryo that has a notochord, a darsal hollow nerve cord, gill slits in the pharynx wall, and a tail that extends past the anus. some, none, or all of these traits persist in adults

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tunicates

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filter feeding, invertebrate chordate enclosed in a baglike secreted covering as an adult

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lancelets

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an invertebrate chordate, a small filter feeder with a fishlike shape

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craniates

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a chordate that has its brain inside a cranium (brain case); any fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, or mammal

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vertebrates

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one of a series of hard bones that protects the spinal cord and forms the backbone

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endoskeleton

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in chordates, an internal framework consisting of cartilage, bone, or both; works with skeletal muscle to position, support, and move body

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vertebral column

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backbone, a feature common to all veretbrates

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vertebrae

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animal with a backbone

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jaws

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paired, hinged cartilaginous or bony feeding structures of most chordates

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fins

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an appendage that helps stabilize and propel most fishes in water

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gills

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a respiratory organ. in vertebrates, usually one of a pair of thin folds richly supplied with blood exchange gases with surrounding water.

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lungs

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internal respiratory organ of all birds, reptiles, mammals, most amphibians, and some fish

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kidneys

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one of a pair of vertebrate organs that filter blood, removes wastes, and help maintain the internal environment

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cartilaginous fishes

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jawed fish that has a cartilage skeleton (ex. sharks)

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bony fishes

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fish with an endoskeleton that consists mostly of bone tissue. A lungfish, lobe-finned fish, or ray-finned fish

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scales

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one of many platelike structures at he body surface of fish and reptiles

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swim bladder

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adjustable flotation sac of some bony fish

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tetrapods

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vertebrate that is four-legged walker or descended from one

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amphibians

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a thin skinned vertebrate that spends time on land lays eggs in water; (ex. a frog, toad, a salamander)

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amniotes

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member of a vertebrate lineage that produces eggs having four extra embryonic membranes (chorion, allantois, yolk sac, and amnion). Modern groups are reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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reptiles

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not a formal taxon; amniotes that do not have features of birds or mammals (ex. turtle, lizard)

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dinosaurs

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one of a group of reptiles that arose in the Triassic and were dominant land vertebrates for 125 million years

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k-t asteroid hypothesis

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idea that an asteroid impact was the cause of the mass extinction that marks the boundary between Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, 65 million years ago.

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bio

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bio

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ectotherms

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an animal that can stay warm mainly by absorbing environmental heat, as by basking in the sun

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cloaca

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in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds, opening through which digestive and urinary wastes leave the body; may also function in reproduction

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birds

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a warm blooded, feathered amniote descended from certain dinosaurs

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endotherms

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an animal warmed mainly by its own metabolically generated heat.

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mammals

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only amniote that makes hair and nourishes offspring with milk from the females mammary glands

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monotremes

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egg-laying mammal

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marsupials

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pouched mammal

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placental mammals

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member of the largest mammal subgroup, the only group in which an organ (the placenta) forms and allows materials to diffuse between the bloodstreams of a mother and the embryo developing inside her uterus

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placenta

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in placental mammal, organ that forms during pregnancy from maternal tissue and extra-embryonic membranes. Allows a mother to exchange substances with a fetus but keeps their blood separate.

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primates

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a type of mammal; a prosimian or an anthropoid

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hominids

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all human like and human species

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bipedalism

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habitually standing upright on two legs

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culture

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sum of behavior patterns of a social group, passed between generations by learning and symbolic behavior

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australopiths

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member of one of many now-extinct species classified as hominids, but not as members of genus homo

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humans

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member of the genus homo

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multiregional model

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idea that modern humans evolved gradually from many different homo erectus populations that lived in different parts of the world

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replacement model

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idea that modern humans arose from a single homo erectus population in sub-saharan africa within the past 200,000 years, then spread and replaced other hominids.