Bio A

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Cell

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The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane

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Cell Membrane

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The membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

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Cell Wall

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A rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria

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Phospholipid

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A lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule

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Nucleus

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A dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.

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Nuclear Envelope

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The two layered membrane that encases the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, which separates the nucleus from other cell organelles.

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DNA

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In nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

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Chromosomes

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A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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Nucleoid

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The nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore.

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Cytoplasm

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The material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

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Organelle

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Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

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Mitochondria

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An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

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Chloroplast

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(In green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.

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Ribosomes

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A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells.

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Endoplasmisc Reticulums

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A network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane.

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Lysosome

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An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

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Vacuole

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A space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.

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Plastid

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Any of a class of small organelles, such as chloroplasts, in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food.

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Diffusion

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The process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration. When the molecules are even throughout a space.

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Osmosis

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The diffusion of water (across a membrane)

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Active Transport

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The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane in the direction opposite that of diffusion, that is, from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration.

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Passive Transport

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Is the cellular process of moving molecules and other substances across membranes. Passive transport differs from active transport in that it does not involve any chemical energy.

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Prokaryote

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Any of the group of organisms primarily characterized by the lack of true nucleus and other membrane-bound cell compartments: such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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Eukaryotic

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An organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus.

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Selectively Permeable Membrane

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All cells are enclosed with a cell membrane.

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Golgi Apparatus

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Complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.

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Endocytosis

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The taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.

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Exocytosis

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A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

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Plasmolysis

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Contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell.

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Hypnotic

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Solution is one in which the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside of it.

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Isotonic

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Refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side

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Hypertonic

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Solution is one in which the concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside of it.