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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many ATP are produced (total) in glycolysis using glucose as the starting material?
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4
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How many ATP are produced (net) in glycolysis using glycogen as the starting material?
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3
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Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle?
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The starting compounds are regenerated
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Where does the reducing power come from?
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NADH-glycolysis & NADH & FADH2-Krebs cycle
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In animals ATP synthase is located where?
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Inner mitochondrial membrane
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With inadequate oxygen, why does NAD need to be regenerated?
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There is a constant pool of coenzyme and it would all be in the form of NADH. NAD is needed for glycolysis to proceed.
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With adequate oxygen, why isn’t the build up of NADH a problem?
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NAD is regenerated in oxidative phosphorylation
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In the oxidation of glucose which process produces the most ATP?
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Oxidative phosphorylation
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At which stage is CO2 produced?
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CITRIC ACID CYCLE
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The molecular oxygen in respiration is…
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used to produce H2O
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Oxidation of fats occurs in…
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MITOCHONDRIA.
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How many additional ATP’s result from lactate production?
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0
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The purpose of lactate/ethanol fermentation is to regenerate NAD.
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TRUE
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Most foraging dives by marine mammals are anaerobic dives.
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FALSE
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Of these three, the longest wavelength…
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INFRARED LIGHT
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Allosteric regulation….
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Binding of a modulator at a site other than the active site.
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The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is an example of cooperativity….
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TRUE.
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What are two hallmarks of metabolism?...
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The chemical transformations occur in small steps & each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.
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The first enzyme of the pathway is allosterically regulated by the product of the pathway. Why not competitive inhibition? …
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The product is too dissimilar from the substrate of the enzyme
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Specialized cellular compartment for digestion of food particles….
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Lysosome.
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Catabolic reactions are..
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exergonic
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Anabolic reactions….
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Use reducing power & uses ATP
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Human athletes take creatine as a dietary supplement. What would you feed your pet crawfish to get the same effect?
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Arginine
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Fuel for burst activity and prolonged anoxia:
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Glycogen & Glucose
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Substrate level phosphorylations are catalyzed by….
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kinases
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example of C4 plant
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corn and sugarcane
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Convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
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light reactions
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Calvin-Benson cycle uses _____ and ____ from the light reactions to synthesize sugars from CO2
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ATP and NADPH
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Without regeneration of NAD glycolysis would
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stop
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when there is inadequate oxygen in yeasts, plant, what is produced as the anaerobic end product, regenerating NAD
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ethanol
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when there is inadequate oxygen in humans, what is produced as the anaerobic end product regenerating
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lactic acid
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powered by the flow of hydrogen ions back across the membrane
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ATP synthesis
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3 ATP are produced per
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NADH
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2 ATP are produced per
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FADH2
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under aerobic conditions there is a net production of ____ ATP
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36-38
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refers to the loss of electrons
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Oxidation
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refers to the gain of electrons
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Reduction
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What’s from the catabolic box to the anabolic box?
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ATP & NADH
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Transfer of a high energy phosphate from ATP to another molecule & is catalyzed by an enzyme
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phosphorylation reaction
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Standard free energy of hydrolysis is
ATP--->ADP ADP--->AMP |
-7.3 kcal/mol
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Standard free energy of hydrolysis is
AMP--->ADENOSINE |
-3.4 kcal/mol
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Study of the energy relationships of a system
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THERMODYNAMICS
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Isotonic with seawater
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Marine invertebrates
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Sharks and rays
Isotonic with seawater |
Marine elasmobranch fishes
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Hypertonic to freshwater
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Freshwater bony fishes (teleost fishes)
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Hypotonic to seawater
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Marine bony fishes (teleost fishes)
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Freshwater teleost fish tend to:
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GAIN WATER
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Marine teleost fish tend to:
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LOSE WATER
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Isotonic marine invertebrates tend to:
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NEITHER GAIN NOR LOSE WATER.
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Movement of Na+ ions out of the cell into a high [Na+]….
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT & REQUIRES ENERGY
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Examples of things that pass through membranes
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Gases
Steroid hormones Water Small and nonpolar |
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Active Transport –
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REQUIRES ENERGY & EMPLOYS A CARRIER MOLECULE
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Passive Transport –
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MOVEMENT DOWN A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT & MAY EMPLOY A CARRIER MOLECULE
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Higher water potential…
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few dissolved solutes
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Glycolysis
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Occurs in the cytoplasm
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Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
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Occurs in the mitochondria
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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In the mitochondria
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Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and accessory pigments located where
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Located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
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Photosystem I and Photosystem II located where
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thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
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Calvin-Benson cycle (the dark reactions) occur where
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stroma of the chloroplast
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Absorb light in the ____ spectrum
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visible
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the light energy use solar energy to make
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NADPH and ATP
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CO2 combines with RuBP when
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in the Calvin-Benson Cycle
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chlorophyll a
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CH3
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chlorophyll b
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CHO
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relationship of respiration and photosynthesis
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photosynthesis generates oxy and organic molecules which is used as fuel in cellular respiration which produces CO2 and H2O
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Creatine Phosphate
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Vertebrates
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Arginine Phosphate
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Invertebrates
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